Knowledge Base Inventory

Knowledge Base Inventory lists all relevant methods & tools, data & portals, articles and reports, documentation, and legislation that the MICA Knowledge Base offers. You can filter the inventory using the MICA domain concepts, list of commodities, and others.

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Different methods are needed to propagate ignorance and variability

Description: Ferson, S. and Ginzburg, L. (1996). Different methods are needed to propagate ignorance and variability.

Guidelines for Preparing Mine Closure Plans

Description: Australian government (2015). Guidelines for Preparing Mine Closure Plans.

Serious Gaming Method

Description: A ‘serious’ game is a competitive exercise between two or more parties that has pre-determined objectives and that evolves according to a set of rules, akin to a game of chess. The players introduce intuition and psychology and thus a stochastic element into the decision-making process.

Cryogenic ball milling. A key for elemental analysis of plastic-rich automotive shredder residue

Description: End-of-life vehicles have become an environmental and sustainability issue in most developed countries, and require sophisticated organic- and inorganic-elemental analyses to evaluate the efficiency of post-shredder technologies applied to automotive shredder residue. The difficulties of milling such heterogeneous material, especially when plastic-rich, have to be overcome to allow such chemical analyses.

ANR EXTRADE project website (Recovery of REE from permanent magnets in WEEE)

Description: Le projet EXTRADE a pour objectif de développer de nouvelles filières de valorisation des aimants permanents à terres rares (APTR) présents dans les Déchets des Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (D3E or WEEE) en ciblant les 3 types d’équipements que sont i) les disques durs d’ordinateurs, ii) les haut-parleurs des matériels audio et vidéo et iii) les petits moteurs électriques présents dans les TIC (Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication) et les PAM (Petits Appareils Managers).

Critical Raw Materials Factsheets

Description: Detailed factsheets of the 2017 CRM list

Regional Heavy Mineral Sampling

Description: Heavy mineral sampling is the process of collecting that part of a sample medium that has the highest specific gravity. Regional studies are conducted as part of geochemical prospecting programmes in mineral exploration, in orientation and other studies.

Barteková, E. and Kemp, R. 2016. National strategies for securing a stable supply of rare earths in different world regions.

Description: The present paper explains why different world regions responded differently to the global problem of securing stable supply of critical minerals, in particular of rare earths. The paper is based on a comparative political economy framework and examines the extent to which distinct national policy styles, national interests, resource endowment and historical experience in tackling supply risk shaped the different policy choices. The overall findings show that despite their similar objectives, strategies undertaken by various regions tend to differ in their foci. Whereas Europe opts for a policy dialogue with resource-rich countries, Japan and the United States have a more hands-on approach in research and development initiatives. Australia's and China's policies instead, focus on development of domestic mining activities and on resource protection.

Non-energy, non-agriculture raw materials production: data to monitor the sector’s water use and emissions to water

Description: Water is an essential resource in the operation and sustainability of facilities producing raw materials, which is used and impacted in multiple ways. Therefore, there is a need for sound data to monitor the EU sector water performance and its pressures on the environment from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. This study assesses available water data for a well-informed EU raw materials policy which covers the extraction of non-fuel, non-agricultural raw materials. In this study, EU available national level data on water use and water pollution were assessed. We found that official records are limited for a comprehensive assessment of the sector, and accessible water accounting by the industry is poor.

Scenario Development Method

Description: Trend scenario development is a common tool used by governments and their supporting agencies. A key aspect is making rational and well-founded assumptions that have to be clearly documented. The purpose is to deduct envelopes for futures, based on the extrapolation and aggregation of single variables.

Criticality on the international scene: Quo vadis?

Description: Dewulf J., Blengini G.A., Pennington D., Nuss P., Nassar N.T. (2016). Criticality on the international scene: Quo vadis?

Recovery of high-grade iron compounds from slag by enhanced magnetic separation techniques

Description: From this investigation, two flow-sheets of treatment of LD slag are suggested to recover high grade iron material for recycling in metallurgical processes. Calcium and silicon oxide rich product will be directed to the cement industry.

Substitute criticality (Supply risk/Substitution)

Description: It is important to assess the criticality of the substitute itself. If a substitute material is already critical, it might not be readily available as a substitute option.

Raw Materials Information System, Air pollution

Description: Emissions of pollutants from the raw materials industry may occur across the entire value chain: during land clearing, mining activities, transport of materials, burning of fuels, industrial processing, manufacturing of intermediate and final products, and waste management. This section provides an overview with a focus on data on emissions of particulate matter and non-methane volatile organic compounds.

Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining.

Description: This practical step-by-step guide describes the key geological field techniques needed by today's exploration geologists involved in the search for metallic deposits. The techniques described are fundamental to the collection, storage and presentation of geological data and their use to locate ore. This book explains the various tasks which the exploration geologist is asked to perform in the sequence in which they might be employed in an actual exploration project. Hints and tips are give. The steps are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from real projects on which the author has worked. The book emphasizes traditional skills and shows how they can be combined effectively with modern technological approaches.

SEA Directive 2001/42/EC

Description: The SEA Directive (Directive 2001/42/EC) transposes the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) adopted by an Extraordinary meeting of the Parties to the Espoo Convention (held on 21 May 2003 during the Ministerial Environment for Europe Conference in Kyiv) in the EU legislation. The Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment augments the Espoo Convention by ensuring that individual Parties integrate environmental assessment into their plans and programmes at the earliest stages, and thus help in laying down the groundwork for sustainable development. The Protocol entered into force on 11 July 2010. The EU ratified the Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment on 21 November 2008.

SCRREEN D5.1: CRM Profiles

Description: Deliverable 5.1 of the H2020 SCRREEN project

Commodity end uses

Description: Commodity end uses are available in raw materials factsheets

Geopolitical risk

Description: The supply of critical and some non-critical raw materials to the EU is highly concentrated in a few non-EU countries that often show low levels of governance. Because the EU is highly import-dependent for certain raw materials this may lead to unexpected supply disruptions and thus put the EU’s security of supply at risk.

Footprint methods

Description: Description of the Footprint methods.

LCA, LCI, LCIA, LCC: What’s the Difference?

Description: Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a multi-step procedure for calculating the lifetime environmental impact of a product or service. LCI is the life cycle inventory, which is the data collection portion of LCA. LCI is the straight-forward accounting of everything involved in the “system” of interest. LCIA is life cycle impact assessment, the “what does it mean” step. In LCIA, the inventory is analyzed for environmental impact. LCI and LCA should not be confused with life cycle costing. LCC is another life cycle approach (i.e, cradle to grave) but it looks at the direct monetary costs involved with a product or service and not environmental impact…

Recycling rate

Description: Recycling as a source of secondary raw materials contributes to the security of supply and helps advance materials circularity in the EU economy. In the 2016 Raw Materials Scoreboard, in the Circular Econom y monitoring framework and in the context of the 2017 list of critical raw materials (CRM) for the EU, the principal recycling indicator is the end-of-life recycling input rate (EOL-RIR). The EOL-RIR equals the ‘input of secondary material to the EU from old scrap to the total input of materials (primary and secondary) and is regarded as a robust measure of recycling’s contribution to meeting materials demand.

Ecoinvent (environmental data)

Description: The ecoinvent database provides well documented process data for thousands of products, helping to make truly informed choices about their environmental impact. The latest version, ecoinvent 3.4, builds on all previous versions of the database.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Description: The IMF publishes a range of time series data on IMF lending, exchange rates and other economic and financial indicators. Manuals, guides, and other material on statistical practices at the IMF, in member countries, and of the statistical community at large are also available.

Economy Wide Material Flow Accounting

Description: Description of the method of Economy Wide Material Flow Accounting (EW-MFA).ded

System Dynamic Modelling

Description: System dynamics (SD) is a computer-aided method and a quantitative modeling technique. It could be used for describing, modeling, simulating and analyzing dynamically complex (non-linear) issues.

Wild-Cards and Weak Signals

Description: The term ‘wild card’ is used for low-probability events that have a high impact and that were not expected to occur. Wildcard events take the society concerned by surprise and may profoundly change it.

EGDI

Description: EGDI is EuroGeoSurveys’ European Geological Data Infrastructure. It provides access to Pan-European and national geological datasets and services from the Geological Survey Organizations of Europe.

Recycling of automotive shredder residues (ASR) in iron- and steelmaking furnaces

Description: European regulations are about to impose a minimum 95% recycling of end of life vehicles with a 10% maximum energy recovery (Directive 2000/53/EC). Current 75% recycling requires the development of innovative processing for treating certain heterogeneous streams. In particular, the recycling of light post-shredder technology particles (fluff) in iron- and steelmaking is an interesting avenue to explore. More specifically, the use of iron oxide rich streams for their iron content [blast furnaces (BFs)] and plastic rich streams as a reducing agent and/or alternative fuel (electric arc furnaces and BFs) is an industrial challenge. This article describes the preliminary multitechnical characterisation results of streams from an industrial site and discusses the potential for recycling according to the nature of the crippling impurities [polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and metals]...

Geological Map of Albania

Description: Geological Map of Albania in scale 1:200000.

Welcome to BioMineWiki- the free and live knowledge base focused on biohydrometallurgy

Description: Welcome to BioMineWiki- the free and live knowledge base focused on biohydrometallurgy.

Cell Based Associations: A procedure for considering scarce and mixed mineral occurrences in predictive mapping

Description: Tourlière B., Pakyuz-Charrier E., Cassard D., Barbanson L., Gumiaux C. (2015). Cell Based Associations: A procedure for considering scarce and mixed mineral occurrences in predictive mapping.

Limitation of the mining waste production

Description: The volume of mining waste produced (waste-rocks and tailings) depends on the geological characteristics of the ore body, the mineral being mined, the type of mining (underground versus open pit) and the type of mineral processing and as well as the size of the operation…

BGR Geoviewer (UK)

Description: The BGR Geoviewer allows the user to visualize and to combine BGR’s web map services (WMS) based on data of various disciplines. The info (i) for every map contains a link to the Produktcenter, where the relevant geodata are available for download. The offered map data covers Germany and the data are generalized for different scale intervals between 1:200 000 and 1:5 000 000.

Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis (Nuss & Eckelman, 2014)

Description: We have assembled extensive information on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and illustrated the interconnectedness of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements, these are the first life cycle estimates of environmental impacts reported in the literature. We show that, if compared on a per kilogram basis, the platinum group metals and gold display the highest environmental burdens, while many of the major industrial metals (e.g., iron, manganese, titanium) are found at the lower end of the environmental impacts scale. If compared on the basis of their global annual production in 2008, iron and aluminum display the largest impacts, and thallium and tellurium the lowest...

MINATURA2020 – Mineral Deposits of Public Importance (a)

Description: MINATURA2020 (2015). MINATURA2020 – Mineral Deposits of Public Importance. Press release, Brussels, 12 June 2015.

Mineral Certification at the BGR

Description: Mineral Certification at the BGR covers due diligence and ASM formalization in the Great Lakes Region, ASM conflict risks and timeline of relevant BGR projects.

The Feminisation of Mining

Description: This paper argues that feminisation is beginning to occur in the mining industry, a process associated with an expanded notion of mining as a livelihood in the radically changing political economy of extractive industries.

Land use maps of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) type

Description: Land use maps of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) type.

Biodiversity Information System for Europe

Description: Biodiversity Information System for Europe.

European Commission, Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, Ecodesign

Description: There is world-wide demand for more efficient products to reduce energy and resource consumption. The EU legislation on ecodesign and energy labelling is an effective tool for improving the energy efficiency of products. It helps eliminate the least performing products from the market, significantly contributing to the EU’s 2020 energy efficiency objective. It also supports industrial competitiveness and innovation by promoting the better environmental performance of products throughout the internal market.

Mine closure process (overview of different phases and actions)

Description: What happens to mine sites after a mine is closed? An overview of the different phases and actions of the mine closure process.

Mining Wastes Directive

Description: Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC - Statement by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission.

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92 /43 /EEC of 21 May 1992

Description: COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92 /43 /EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora

Value added

Description: Information and data on Value added related to raw materials is available in raw materials factsheets

Geostatistical Estimates

Description: Geostatistical estimation is a technique based on probability theory that is used to compute regionalized variables, such as the metal content or grade in a deposit.

Raw Materials Scoreboard

Description: The Raw Materials Scoreboard is a cornerstone of the European Union Raw Materials Knowledge Base (EURMKB) and an integral and permanent part of the Raw Materials Information System. The RM Scoreboard presents the best available data and indicators on the main challenges of raw materials production in the EU, along the entire raw materials value chain. The EC released the first edition of the RM Scoreboard in July 2016, and biannual updates are foreseen.

Three-part quantitative assessment method

Description: The three-part method is used in quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources. It produces probabilistic estimates of the amount of metals and ore in undiscovered deposits of selected types

The African Mining Vision

Description: The African Mining Vision (2009): “Transparent, equitable and optimal exploitation of mineral resources to underpin broad-based sustainable growth and socio-economic development”

Sairinen et al.. (2012), Responsible mining: A toolkit for the prevention and mediation of conflicts

Description: This report provides essential lessons and guidance to companies and governments to reduce mining conflicts and to promote responsible mining. Interestingly, the toolkit highlights the fact that every mining challenge is very local but the critical issues related to responsible mining are inherently international

Characterization of raw materials based on supply risk indicators for Europe

Description: The concept of “resource criticality” has recently emerged as a policy priority and research subject, usually referred to the risk of supply disruption for mineral resources, due to economic and geopolitical reasons. Different methodologies for assessing critical raw materials (CRM) have been developed in governmental and research contexts, and the possibility of including the resource security aspect in life cycle assessment (LCA) has been claimed by different authors. The present paper aims at integrating CRM considerations in LCA in order to address socio-economic and strategic aspects related to resource use.

Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability

Description: Silverman B.W. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability.

Biohydrometallurgy

Description: An industrial reality for the treatment of sulphidic ores, tailings and residues.

Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011

Description: Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment Text with EEA relevance

Mining for Closure, Policies and Guidelines for Sustainable Mining Practice and Closure of Mines

Description: United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2005). Mining for Closure, Policies and Guidelines for Sustainable Mining Practice and Closure of Mines.

Comparison of mathematical methods of potential modeling

Description: Schaeben H. (2011). Comparison of mathematical methods of potential modeling.

Life cycle indicators for resources, products and waste

Description: EC-JRC (2012) has developed a framework for life cycle based macro-level monitoring indicators which are intended to be used to assess the environmental impact of production, consumption and waste management in the EU27.

Critical Raw Materials

Description: Raw materials are crucial to Europe’s economy. They form a strong industrial base, producing a broad range of goods and applications used in everyday life and modern technologies. Reliable and unhindered access to certain raw materials is a growing concern within the EU and across the globe. To address this challenge, the European Commission has created a list of critical raw materials (CRMs) for the EU, which is subject to a regular review and update. CRMs combine raw materials of high importance to the EU economy and of high risk associated with their supply.

European Soil Data Centre, Soil contamination

Description: Soil contamination is the occurrence of pollutants in soil above a certain level causing a deterioration or loss of one or more soil functions. Also, Soil Contamination can be considered as the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. The occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage.

Delphi Surveys

Description: The Delphi method is based on structural surveys and makes use of information from the experience and knowledge of the participants, who are mainly experts. It, therefore, yields both qualitative and quantitative results and draws on exploratory, predictive even normative elements.

Classical Directive 2014/24/EU

Description: Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC Text with EEA relevance.

Circular Economy

Description: A circular economy aims to keep products, components and materials in use, to prevent waste generation and avoid extracting virgin resources. It does so by a combination of reuse, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling, aiming at lengthening the life span of applications and keeping the materials in use even after the product life span has ended. The European Commission adopted an ambitious Circular Economy Package, which includes revised legislative proposals on waste to stimulate Europe's transition towards a circular economy which will boost global competitiveness, foster sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs. The European Commission and the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) jointly launched the European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform. The European Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform will be a network of networks going beyond sectorial activities and highlighting cross-sector opportunities and challenges. The Platform will be a hub

Roskill

Description: Each of Roskill's international reports gives a comprehensive analysis of an individual metal or a mineral market. They cover world production and consumption, the operations of the major producers, end-use market applications, price trends, international trade patterns and forecasts for supply and demand, of over 40 metals and minerals.

The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides — A review

Description: Watling H.R. (2006). The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides — A review.

Importance for industry

Description: Why CRMs are Economically important? The importance of a raw material to the economy of the Union is assessed by the indicator Economic Importance (EI). This indicator relates to the potential consequences in the event of an inadequate supply of the raw material.

Groothuis F. (2016), New era. New plan. Europe. A fiscal strategy for an inclusive, circular economy, The Ex’tax Project

Description: This study by The Ex’tax Project in cooperation with Deloitte, EY, KPMG Meijburg and PwC examines the impact of a tax shift from labour to consumption and natural resource use. Cambridge Econometrics has modelled the impacts of a tax shift scenario in the period 2016-2020 in 27 Member States of the European Union using the E3ME macro-econometric model.

Social impact assessment in the mining sector: Review and comparison of indicators frameworks

Description: In various contexts, social impacts of mining are assessed with different sets of indicators and targets. This study presents a review of the associated literature, identify a list of typical social impacts occurring in the sector, and explore their geographical distribution. The list of identified impacts is compared against the indicators used for assessing and promoting sustainability in different contexts and at different scales.

SCRREEN D3.2: Identification and quantification of secondary CRM resources in Europe

Description: SCRREEN D3.2: Identification and quantification of secondary CRM resources in Europe

Life Cycle Assessment and criticality of raw materials: relationship and potential synergies

Description: The security of supply of raw materials is a policy priority for the European Union (EU). In this paper, different research activities undertaken by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), Sustainability Assessment Unit, and related to Critical Raw Materials (CRM) are briefly described. The potential of Life Cycle Assessment for supporting resource policy needs in business and governance is discussed. Related research activities addressed in this paper include an analysis of impact assessment methods used for the assessment of resources; the Resource Life Cycle Indicators that provide insights into the total environmental pressures of the EU; the identification of potentially relevant requirements for product policies, and the results of the expert workshop “Security of supply and scarcity of raw materials”.

Julienne D. (2012). Le problème des métaux et des terres rares.

Description: Les ressources naturelles sont source de dynamisme industriel pour les pays producteurs tandis que les pays consommateurs sont rentrés dans une consommation compétitive ...

Social Licence to Operate and Corporate Social Responsibility

Description: SLO or Social Licence to Operate is the on-going approval or acceptance given by a community for a project to operate or continue to operate. CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept whereby enterprises integrate social and environmental concerns into their mainstream business operations.

Idea Network

Description: Idea networking is a qualitative means of undertaking a cluster analysis or concept mapping of any collection of statements. Networking lists of statement acts to reduce them into a handful of clusters or categories. The statements might be sourced from interviews, text, websites, focus groups, SWOT analysis or community consultation. Idea networking is inductive, as it does not assume any prior classification system to cluster the statements.

Material and Substance Flow Analysis (M/SFA)

Description: Description of the method of Material and Substance Flow Analysis (M/SFA).

Raw Materials Scoreboard 2018, WEEE management

Description: In Europe, almost 10 million tonnes of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) such as washing machines, computers, TV-sets, fridges and cell phones are put on the market every year, leading to a massive generation of waste. While WEEE may appear to be a small waste stream in terms of mass compared to other waste streams, the treatment of this waste is an important source of several valuable and critical raw materials that can be recycled.

Raw Materials Scoreboard 2018, Air pollutant emissions

Description: EU air quality policy aims to establish air quality targets and emission ceilings that are compatible with economic growth and sustainable development, and in line with relevant international conventions. To ensure that large industrial installations in sectors such as metals, minerals, paper and wood contribute to keeping emissions below binding limits, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) requires the application of ‘Best Available Techniques’ (BATs). This content presents data on emissions of particulate matter emissions and volatile organic compounds by raw materials sector category over time.

Major metals and their companion metals metallogeny. The so-called ‘by-products’

Description: Mineral deposits frequently consist of a complex assemblage of major metals. Mining co-products and by-products are materials extracted in addition to the primary commodity. These may have some inherent economic value themselves.

Genius Forecasting Method

Description: The method is based on a combination of intuition, insight, and luck. Psychics and crystal ball readers are the most extreme case of genius forecasting. Their forecasts are based exclusively on intuition.

Characteristic Analysis-1981: Final Program and a Possible Discovery

Description: McCammon R.B., Botbol J.M., Sinding-Larsen R., Bowen R.W. (1983). Characteristic Analysis-1981: Final Program and a Possible Discovery.

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)

Description: Description of the method of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA).

JRC Raw Materials Information System (RMIS)

Description: The European Commission's (EC) Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) is developed by the Directorate-General (DG) Joint Research Centre (JRC) in cooperation with the DG for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (GROWTH). The RMIS is the Commission’s reference web-based knowledge platform on non-fuel, non-agricultural raw materials from primary and secondary sources. This section provides an overview of the European raw materials context, the policy mandate that underlies the development of the RMIS, its goal and scope.

Critical Metals in the Path towards the Decarbonisation of the EU Energy Sector

Description: Moss R.L., Tzimas E., Willis P., Arendorf J., Tercero Espinoza L. et al. (2013). Critical Metals in the Path towards the Decarbonisation of the EU Energy Sector. Assessing Rare Metals as Supply-Chain Bottlenecks in Low-Carbon Energy Technologies

Remote Sensing for Mineral Exploration

Description: This factsheet covers different types of remote sensing technology, from satellite to airborne methods, and how this data can aid in mineral reconnaissance and dealing with environmental hazards associated with mining. How different types of mineralisation (i.e. oxides vs clays) are detected by different remote sensing techniques are discussed, as are the downstream processing techniques that can be applied to primary data.

Types of drilling in mining

Description: Drilling activities to raw materials achievement

Mineral deposit models

Description: Cox D.P., Singer D.A. (1986). Mineral deposit models.

Bastein et al. (2013), Opportunities for circular economy in the Netherlands

Description: This report analyses the opportunities and obstacles that will present themselves as the Netherlands moves towards a more circular economy. It proposes a number of actions that can be taken, particularly by the government, to accelerate this process. The concept of a circular economy refers to an economic and industrial system that is based on the reusability of products and raw materials, and the restorative capacity of natural resources

The Future Wheels

Description: The Futures wheel is a method for graphical visualization of direct and indirect future consequences of a particular change or development. It is closely related to ‘idea networking’, being a kind of structured ‘brainstorming’.

2D Predictivity Mapping

Description: Predictivity (or prospectivity) mapping: a way to reduce the exploration phase, make it more efficient and less intrusive and to discover more rapidly mineral deposits. An overview based on E.J.M. Carranza’synthesis (2011).

BioMinE – Integrated project for the development of biotechnology for metal-bearing materials in Europe

Description: Morin D., Lips A., Pinches T., Huisman J., Frias C., Norberg A., Forssberg E. (2006). BioMinE – Integrated project for the development of biotechnology for metal-bearing materials in Europe.

Raw Materials Foresight Guide

Description: This Factsheet summarises the MICA Project Deliverable 5.5 “Raw Materials Foresight Guide”. It was developed from a comprehensive review of foresight methodologies and past raw materials foresight case studies. It suggests a framework for assessing forward-looking questions and needs as well as guidelines for conducting foresight studies in the raw materials sector.

Criticality of mineral raw materials

Description: A review of the criteria that make some mineral raw materials critical. Based on a publication of the National Research Council of the National Academies (2007) and on the POLINARES project (2010-2012).

Kimberley Process

Description: The Kimberley Process (KP) is a commitment to remove conflict diamonds from the global supply chain. Today, participants actively prevent 99.8% of the worldwide trade.

SCRREEN D2.1: Report on the Current Use of Critical Raw Materials

Description: The purpose of this study is to review and map the current use of critical raw materials (CRMs) in the European Union. We do so for the list of materials identified as being critical by the European Commission in 2014. The synthesis of this work is presented in a table on pages 13, that specifies the use of 31 critical materials in various sectors and applications at the highest possible level of detail, based on a review of available studies. This economy-wide overview of CRM use is then complemented with a bottom-up perspective by addressing the material composition of products.

Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis

Description: We have assembled extensive information on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and illustrated the interconnectedness of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements, these are the first life cycle estimates of environmental impacts reported in the literature. We show that, if compared on a per kilogram basis, the platinum group metals and gold display the highest environmental burdens, while many of the major industrial metals (e.g., iron, manganese, titanium) are found at the lower end of the environmental impacts scale. If compared on the basis of their global annual production in 2008, iron and aluminum display the largest impacts, and thallium and tellurium the lowest (...)

SCRREEN D4.3: Circular Economy and zero waste aspects and business models of production

Description: SCRREEN D4.3: Circular Economy and zero waste aspects and business models of production

Resource Efficiency

Description: Resource efficiency is a policy oriented concept. Resource efficiency means using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising impacts on the environment. It allows us to create more with less and to deliver greater value with less input (definition EU). It is a concept linked to « decoupling » : a continued economic development while reducing environmental pressure. It has been adopted internationally as a development direction, by the UN, the OECD and the EU. It is also a concept that is embraced by national governments, as well as by businesses. There is a strong link with the concept of eco-efficiency.

Raw material 'criticality'—sense or nonsense?

Description: Frenzel M., Kullik J., Reuter M.A., Gutzmer J. (2017). Raw material 'criticality'—sense or nonsense?

DPSIR Framework

Description: The analysis of Drivers, Pressures, Status (of the environment), Indicators to measure the efficacy of (policy) Responses (to environmental etc. impacts) is a form of systems analysis. It can provide the logical framework for scenario analyses and quantitative models.

Joint propagation and exploitation of probabilistic and possibilistic information in risk assessment models

Description: Baudrit, C., Dubois, D., Guyonnet, D. (2006). Joint propagation and exploitation of probabilistic and possibilistic information in risk assessment models.

Compensation concept

Description: The compensation concept is a tool which can be included into mining development plans and help companies maintain constructive relations with the local community.

2D geological mapping (regional vs. detailed; purely geological vs. mining oriented)

Description: The 2D graphical presentation of geological observations and interpretations is called a geological map. These geological maps are often the first aim when exploring an area for either scientific or exploration purposes. It helps in creating either a basic or a detailed understanding of the area, depending on the objective.

DERA Report 2016: Rohstoffe fur Zukunftstechnologien 2016

Description: Marscheider-Weidemann, F., Langkau, S., Hummen, T., Erdmann, L., Tercero Espinoza, L., Angerer, G., Marwede, M. & Benecke, S. (2016). Rohstoffe fur Zukunftstechnologien 2016: DERA Rohstoffinformationen 28:353 S., Berlin. In this revision paper ‘Raw materials for Emerging technologies 2016’, 42 technologies were considered in total, of which 32 were updated and 10 newly selected. Based on these analyses, scenarios were constructuted of the raw material demand for these technologies in the year 2035.

Mines closure strategy

Description: Pavlović V. and Šubaranović T. (2012). Mines closure strategy.

Largest Mineral Deposits of the World

Description: “Largest Mineral Deposits of the World” Navigasig CD‐ROM: a Synthesis on Metallogeny of Large and Superlarge Mineral Deposits. A digital synthesis elaborated by the Russian-French metallogenic Laboratory in Moscow (2008).

Cost of substitution (Importance for industry/Substit.)

Description: The substitute performance and substitute cost are incorporated in one single parameter called Substitute Cost Performance (SCP). The cost and performance elements are used for estimating the SCP sub-component using an evaluation matrix: • Substitute material technical performance and functionality in comparison to that of the candidate material within given application; • Substitute material cost in comparison to the cost of the candidate material within given application.

Energy Transition

Description: Energy transition is a concept that is widely accepted in society, in circles of science, business, government and citizens alike. It is viewed as a necessary step towards solving the global climate change problem. It is now seen as an unavoidable development. The energy transition is relevant for all aspects of our (physical) economy. The specific significance for mining and minerals is that renewable energy technologies generally have a higher demand for metals per produced unit of useful energy. As a result of the energy transition, therefore, the demand for both bulk and specialty metals is expected to increase.

Geological Maps

Description: This factsheet describes the principals and processes of geological mapping. The different types and end uses of geological maps are discussed, as are the input datasets required. The difficulties of association errors and uncertainties with these conceptual models are also considered

Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries

Description: European Commission (2006). Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste from extractive industries and amending Directive 2004/35/EC - Statement by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission.

Environmental Impact Assessment EIA

Description: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a study of the expected effects of a proposed project, plan or program on the environment, including quarrying and mining activity.

Conflict Minerals and Conflict Diamonds

Description: RMIS page describing the issues of conflict minerals and conflict diamonds, and related policy initiatives to tackle this problem.

Substitute production (Supply risk/Substitution)

Description: The Substitute Production (SP) parameter reflects the market size (global production data) of the candidate critical raw material compared to that of the substitute material. Only substitutes that are available in sufficient quantities in terms of annual production are considered a potential reducing factor for the supply risk, while substitutes produced in lower quantities will not change the risk.

Habib, K., Hamelin, L., Wenzel. H. 2016. A dynamic perspective of the geopolitical supply risk of metals

Description: Metals are distributed in the earth's crust in varying amounts and ore concentrations, implying that some countries have more metal resources than others. This inequality in geological resource distribution may lead to potential constraints and bottlenecks of a steady resource supply. In the context of strategic planning and innovation, and in scientific literature, this aspect is often referred to as geopolitical supply risk. In the past few decades, cobalt crisis, the oil embargo, and the more recent Rare Earth Elements (REEs) issue are the best examples regarding the geopolitical supply risk of mineral resources. The aim of this study is to present a historical overview of the development in geopolitical supply risk of 52 metals during the past two decades and to support an assessment of such risk in the future, i.e. 2050.

National Research Council of the National Academies. 2007. Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy. 159 pp.

Description: If the supply of any given mineral were to become restricted, consumers and sectors of the U.S. economy could be significantly affected. Risks to minerals supplies can include a sudden increase in demand or the possibility that natural ores can be exhausted or become too difficult to extract. Minerals are more vulnerable to supply restrictions if they come from a limited number of mines, mining companies, or nations. Baseline information on minerals is currently collected at the federal level, but no established methodology has existed to identify potentially critical minerals. This book develops such a methodology and suggests an enhanced federal initiative to collect and analyze the additional data needed to support this type of tool.

Social Licence to Operate (SLO)

Description: RMIS page describing the concept of ‘Social Licence to Operate’ (SLO). SLO refers to a local community’s acceptance or approval of a project or a company’s ongoing presence, beyond formal regulatory permitting processes (e.g. public hearing and rights for written interventions).

Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014

Description: Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment Text with EEA relevance

Critical Raw Materials List - 2017

Description: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS on the 2017 list of Critical Raw Materials for the EU. COM/2017/0490 final.

Primary mineral Resource Data

Description: Primary mineral Resource Data (to include metals)

A fuzzy constraint-based approach to data reconciliation in material flow analysis

Description: Dubois, D., Fargier, H., Guyonnet, D., Ababou, M. 2014. A fuzzy constraint-based approach to data reconciliation in material flow analysis.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Description: Description of the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

LCA of metals: a scientific synthesis

Description: In the article ‘Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis’(Nuss et al., 2014) extensive information is assembled on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and the interconnectedness is illustrated of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements, these are the first life cycle estimates of environmental impacts reported in the literature. It is shown that, if compared on a per kilogram basis, the platinum group metals and gold display the highest environmental burdens, while many of the major industrial metals (e.g., iron, manganese, titanium) are fo

Reconciliation in Material Flow Analysis

Description: The problem of balancing flows and stocks in material flow analysis when there is conflicting input information.

SCRREEN D4.2: Production technologies of CRM from secondary resources

Description: SCRREEN D4.2: Production technologies of CRM from secondary resources

Risk-informed decision-making in the presence of epistemic uncertainty

Description: Dubois, D., Guyonnet, D. (2011). Risk-informed decision-making in the presence of epistemic uncertainty.

Substitution (Importance for industry)

Description: In the revised methodology for criticality assessment, the availability of substitutes is considered as a reducing element in both the economic importance (SIEI) and the supply risk (SISR) dimensions. The assessment only takes into account the proven substitutes that are readily available today and able to reduce the consequences of a disruption and/or influence the risk of a disruption.

The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction

Description: Hastie T., Tibshirani R., Friedman J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction.

ENVIREE H2020 project website on REE extraction

Description: Environmentally friendly and efficient methods for extraction of rare earth elements (REE) from secondary sources.

Enetjarn et al. (2015), Environmental compensation - Key conditions for increased and cost effective application

Description: This report for the Nordic Council of Ministers provides decision-makers at the national level in Nordic countries with an overview of key conditions for increased, flexible and cost-effective application of compensation and outlines of potential frameworks.

Stochastic and epistemic uncertainty propagation in LCA

Description: Clavreul, J., Guyonnet, D., Tonini, D., Christensen, T. H. (2013). Stochastic and epistemic uncertainty propagation in LCA.

SWOT analysis

Description: An analyis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) is performed in a systematic way, categorising internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats). A SWOT analysis as such is not used to elucidate possible futures, but will help to assess ways of action and trajectories proposed as an output from other methods.

Metallogenic Map

Description: Metallogenic Map of Albania in scale 1:200000

Mineral Resources and Reserves Estimation

Description: This factsheets clearly defines the meanings of resources and reserves and discusses how exploration and mining companies calculate these figures. The basic geostatistical principles and process that are used in calculating these figures are covered, as are the different types of input data that are required for these methods.

Mind-mapping

Description: Mind-mapping is one of the many methods of visualising the relationships between a large number of entities and factors by means of graphical representation in a tree-like diagram. A mind-map can be the outcome of a structured group brainstorming exercise, but can also be used by individuals to structure thoughts.

Conflict Minerals and Conflict Diamonds

Description: RMIS page describing the issue of conflict minerals and conflict diamonds and related policy initiatives

Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility

Description: Zadeh, L. (1978). Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility.

Raw Materials Information System, Water

Description: Water is an essential input to the economy and to life. Safeguarding its supply and quality is crucial for citizens and for the health of ecosystems. Water is also an essential input to the raw materials extractive and manufacturing industries, being used in ore processing, dust suppression, cooling processes, and as a material input for most industrial processes. Although water can be reused multiple times at facilities, some raw materials industries can be water-intensive, and this can significantly reduce water availability at the local level. In turn, water stress may put the security of supply of some raw materials at risk, when water supply for production is not guaranteed. Apart from water-volume related aspects, discharges from the raw materials industry and run-off from mining sites can affect the quality of water bodies and soils. Extractive practices in the seabed and deep sea can also impact coastal and marine ecosystems.

Production concentration

Description: The supply of critical and some non-critical raw materials to the EU is highly concentrated in a few non-EU countries that often show low levels of governance. Because the EU is highly import-dependent for certain raw materials this may lead to unexpected supply disruptions and thus put the EU’s security of supply at risk.

Substitute coproduction (Supply risk/Substitution)

Description: Co-/By-production of the substitute materials is a new element that is considered in the revised criticality methodology. For candidate materials, such as minor metals (REE, In, Ga, Ge etc.) it could be a significant constraint on the immediate supply of these materials. Co-production dynamics is considered also in the criticality methodologies of USA (US Critical Materials Institute) as one of the risk factors, as well as Japan (JOGMEC) in the supply risk component.

Mineral deposits of public importance: the MINATURA2020 Approach

Description: The concept of ‘Deposit of public importance’, i.e., mineral deposits for which information demonstrates that sustainable exploitation could provide economic, social or other benefit to the EU, or a Member State, or a region... The MINATURA2020 appro

CEReS, the European project to create value from waste

Description: CEReS, the European project to create value from waste.

Raw Materials Information System, Circular Economy monitoring

Description: In the transition to a more circular economy, monitoring the key trends and patterns is key to understand how the various elements of the circular economy are developing over time, to help identify success factors in Member States and to assess whether sufficient action has been taken. As committed in the Circular Economy Action Plan (2015), in January 2018 the European Commission has put forward a monitoring framework composed of a set of key indicators that capture the main elements of the circular economy (communication COM(2018)29 and its accompanying document SWD/2018/017). The Circular Economy Monitoring Framework draws upon and complements the existing Resources Efficiency Scoreboard and Raw Materials Scoreboard, which were developed in recent years by the Commission. The Circular Economy Monitoring Framework is presented on a dedicated Eurostat website, where all the underlying data are available and that will be kept up-to-date. In the following we give an overview of the C

EU-FP6 Bioshale Project – Executive Summary of the Second Year

Description: EU-FP6 Bioshale Project – Executive Summary of the Second Year.

EU-CRMKDP: European Union Critical Raw Materials Knowledge Data Platform

Description: EU-CRMKDP: the European Union Critical Raw Materials Knowledge Data Platform, created in the frame of the H2020 SCRREEN project.

Hydrogeological Map of Albania in scale 1:200000

Description: Hydrogeological Map of Albania in scale 1:200000

Agent-based modelling (ABM) method

Description: Agent-based modelling (ABM) is used to model the behavior of mineral raw materials players (or agents, e.g., countries or firms…) in order to know how they should individually or collectively react regarding any events (a price increasing, a mining firm closing, an export restriction policy by a producing country …) that may happen at different stages of the value-chain and at any scales of the market.

Geochemical Mapping for Mineral Exploration

Description: This factsheet describes how geochemical mapping is used to explore for economic minerals. The basic geostatistical steps used to interpret raw geochemical data to create geochemical maps are discussed along with potential errors and uncertainty.

Morphological Analysis Method

Description: Morphological Analysis originated in strategic planning and is a normative forecasting method that starts with defining a ‘future’ and then seeks to identify the circumstances, actions, technologies, etc. required to arrive at it.

CHROMIC H2020 project website on mineral processing

Description: Efficient mineral processing and hydrometallurgical recovery of byproduct metals from low-grade metal containing secondary raw materials..

Import dependence

Description: The EU is highly dependent on imports of several metal ores and natural rubber from international markets. Conversely, the EU is largely self-sufficient for construction materials, several industrial minerals and industrial roundwood.

Mancini, L., Benini, L., Sala, S. 2016. Characterization of raw materials based on supply risk indicators for Europe

Description: In this paper, the authors first explore how resource criticality could be interpreted, taking into account a wider perspective and a multidimensional concept. This includes the consideration of environmental and depletion aspects, in addition to the dominant interpretation, based on economic and geopolitical considerations. The authors then focus on the economic dimension of the resource criticality and propose the integration of this aspect in LCA through the use of characterization factors (CFs) based on the supply risk factors for Europe. Four different methodological options for resource security CFs are tested in the impact assessment of 50 processes and products.

EEA – Data and maps for protected areas

Description: EEA – Data and maps for protected areas.

Techniques for solving industrial nonlinear data reconciliation problems

Description: Kelly, J.D. 2004. Techniques for solving industrial nonlinear data reconciliation problems.

Imprecise probabilities in engineering analyses

Description: Beer, M., Ferson, S., Kreinovich, V. (2013). Imprecise probabilities in engineering analyses.

Mine closure and completion

Description: Australian Government (2006). Mine closure and completion.

MINATURA project

Description: The overall objective of this three year Horizon2020 funded EU project is to develop a concept and methodology for the definition and subsequent protection of “mineral deposits of public importance” in order to ensure their “best use” in the future in order to be included in a harmonised European regulatory/guidance/policy framework.

Lisitsin, V. el. 2014. Mossman orogenic gold province in north Queensland, Australia: regional metallogenic controls and undiscovered gold endowment

Description: The Hodgkinson and Broken River provinces of the Mossman Orogen in north Queensland host numerous orogenic gold deposits and still remain under-explored. This paper discusses regional metallogenic controls and results of a probabilistic quantitative assessment of undiscovered gold potential in the region

OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas

Description: OECD (2013): OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas: Second Edition, OECD Publishing.

Panorama of the European Mineral Resources Industry

Description: An overview of the European Mineral Resources Industry.

Supply risk, an overview

Description: Supply risk defines the potential of an interruption in the availability of a particular mineral or material at a particular point in time or over a period of time. The risk can have both a material and a monetary dimension, e.g. no physical availability and/ or availability at unanticipated high prices.

The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium

Description: Dill H.G. (2010). The “chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium

What is the Social Licence to Operate (SLO)?

Description: The social licence to operate (SLO) refers to the level of acceptance or approval by local communities and stakeholders of mining companies and their operations. The concept has evolved fairly recently from the broader and more established notion of “Corporate Social Responsibility” and is based on the idea that mining companies need not only government permission [or permits] but also “social permission” to conduct their business.

Conflict Minerals

Description: In general, conflict minerals are regarded as minerals (and ores, concentrates, metals) from politically unstable regions, that are mined, controlled or traded to directly or indirectly add to the financing of conflicts.

GISCO

Description: GISCO: Geographical information system of the Commission (with hydrography, cities, population, infrastuctures...)

HHI indexes (global and EU)

Description: In the formula to calculate the Supply Risk, HHI (Herfindahl Hirschman Index) is used as a proxy for country concentration. HHI is then combined with WGI, which is is the scaled World Governance Index used as a proxy for country governance. HHI of raw materials supply can be analysed in terms of global supply as well as in terms of supply to the EU.

Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014

Description: Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment Text with EEA relevance

SCRREEN D3.1: Identification and quantification of primary CRM resources in Europe

Description: SCRREEN D3.1: Identification and quantification of primary CRM resources in Europe

Back-casting

Description: Back-casting is a method to develop normative scenarios and explore their feasibility and implications. It is a tool which connects desirable long-term future scenarios to the present situation by means of a participatory process.

Machacek, E., Richter, J.L., Lane, R. 2017. Governance and Risk-Value Constructions in Closing Loops of Rare Earth Elements in Global Value Chains

Description: This article addresses a research gap on the challenges—specifically risk and value—connected to realizing the potential for closing loops for rare earth elements (REE). The authors develop an analytical framework from conceptual elements of the global value chain (GVC) framework and the relational theory of risk to examine several empirical REE industry cases for loop closure. The aim of the paper is to identify how risk–value relationships are constructed by different actors as governance structures form in transactions prior to price setting and how these have impacts on the closure of REE loops. Often, REE loops are not closed, and the authors find that constructions of the risk–value relationship by industrial actors and by government agencies are unstable as they pursue different motivations, consequently hindering REE loop closure in GVCs.

Cross-impact analysis (CIA)

Description: Cross-impact analysis (CIA) is a methodology developed originally by Theodore Gordon and Olaf Helmer in 1966 to help determine how relationships between events would impact resulting events and reduce uncertainty in the future. This group of methods aims to monitor the impact of interactions between a set of projections, when those interactions may not have been taken into consideration when individual futures were produced.

CRM end uses

Description: CRM end uses are available in raw materials factsheets

Minerals4EU Foresight Studies

Description: The EU-FP7 Minerals4EU project published several foresight studies whic are public and available on its European Union Minerals Knowledge Data Platform (the EU-MKDP - http://minerals4eu.brgm-rec.fr/). This includes: (1) Foresight Study- Topic Report I: European Raw Material Potential, (2) Foresight Study- Thematic Report II: Legislative and governmental challenges with regard to European mineral raw material deposits, (3) Foresight Study- Thematic Report III: Societal challenges of mineral raw material deposits accessibility, (4) Foresight study- Thematic Report IV: Secondary Raw Materials (Including Mine Wastes) and (5) Foresight Study- Thematic Report V: Developments on the raw material markets. Several case studies are also available at http://minerals4eu.brgm-rec.fr/search/site/m4eu-foresight.

SNL Metals & Mining

Description: SNL Metals & Mining is the most trusted source of global mining information and analysis with more than three decades of providing global insights and intelligence.

Raw Materials Scoreboard (European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials)

Description: The Raw Materials Scoreboard is an initiative of the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials. Its purpose is to provide quantitative data on the EIP’s general objectives and on the raw materials policy context. It presents relevant and reliable information that can be used in policy making in a variety of areas. The scoreboard will, for example, contribute to monitoring progress towards a circular economy, a crucial issue on which the European Commission recently adopted an ambitious action plan. The scoreboard will be published every three years.

Gold predictivity mapping in French Guiana

Description: Cassard D., Billa M., Lambert A., Picot J.-C., Husson Y., Lasserre J.-L., Delor C. (2008). Gold predictivity mapping in French Guiana using an expert-guided data-driven approach based on a regional-scale GIS.

Occupational safety and health

Description: Occupational safety and health (OSH) at work is important in the context of social sustainability in any economic sector. With respect to the raw materials industry, a safe and healthy working environment is an important indicator of the level of acceptance or approval of an industry and its operations by local communities and stakeholders. OSH is also essential for a productive and competitive economy.

Raw Materials Information System, Electric and Electronic Equipment

Description: The Raw Materials Information System supports and complements actions to reuse, recycle and recover materials in specific industry sectors, such as electronic devices, household appliances, and, more generally, Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE). While factsheets for a number of EEE (e.g. desktop computers, tablets, enterprise servers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, dishwashers, electronic displays, etc.) is under development, an exemplary factsheet for notebook computers is provided hereinafter, including: Market share and lifetime expectancy, recycling, repair and reuse, bill of materials and current recovery of Secondary Raw Materials (SRMs), potential recovery of SRMs thanks to ecodesign.

Substitution (Supply risk)

Description: In the revised methodology for criticality assessment, the availability of substitutes is considered as a reducing element in both the economic importance (SI-EI) and the supply risk (SI-SR) dimensions. The assessment only takes into account the proven substitutes that are readily available today and able to reduce the consequences of a disruption and/or influence the risk of a disruption.

REGULATION (EU) 2017/821 about conflict minerals

Description: REGULATION (EU) 2017/821 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 May 2017 laying down supply chain due diligence obligations for Union importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten, their ores, and gold originating from conflict-affected and high-risk areas.

Anastasio M. (2016), The circular economy- practical steps to enhance the EU package, Green budget Europe

Description: A circular economy keeps products and materials at their highest utility and value, with benefits for both the economy and environment As illustrated in more detail below, economic opportunities include GDP growth and prosperity , material cost sa vings, job creation and increased innovation; environmental benefits range from a reduction in primary material consumption, energy savings, increased land productivity, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, and lower negative externalities such as congestion and noise pollution

The VERAM H2020 project: looking toward 2050…

Description: VERAM looks to the future economic development of the European Union (EU) and will deliver a long-term 2050 vision and roadmap to achieve economic growth and restructuring and technological leadership along relevant value chains. The main objectives of the VERAM project in the area of raw materials research and innovation are: 1. Facilitate information exchange, overcome fragmentation and promote cross-fertilization, 2. Produce a 2030 medium term Vision and a 2050 long term Strategic Research & Innovation Roadmap and 3. Support innovations by speeding up and facilitating industrial exploitation of research results…

Performance of subst. (Importance for industry/Subst.)

Description: The substitute performance and substitute cost are incorporated in one single parameter called Substitute Cost Performance (SCP). The cost and performance elements are used for estimating the SCP sub-component using an evaluation matrix: • Substitute material technical performance and functionality in comparison to that of the candidate material within given application; • Substitute material cost in comparison to the cost of the candidate material within given application.

Biomining — biotechnologies for extracting and recovering metals from ores and waste materials

Description: Barrie Jonhson D. (2014). Biomining — biotechnologies for extracting and recovering metals from ores and waste materials.

Mines and environmental impact (by SGU/Sweden)

Description: … The management of mining waste, also called extractive waste, is a key factor for the future mining industry of Sweden. Mines are highly waste intensive, and the quantity of mining waste produced in Sweden each year is much higher than all other types of waste combined. For example, according to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, a total of 117.6 million tonnes of waste was produced in 2010. Of this, 115.1 million tonnes was classed as non-hazardous waste, and the largest part of that waste stream consisted of 89 million tonnes of mining waste…

Life cycle of a mining project

Description: A complete mining project, from exploration to site remediation, is a long and complex process that extends over many years (often up to several decades or more). A complete cycle will involve many fields of expertise and requires large information and financial inputs. In summary, a mining project can be divided into several phases that are closely interconnected and occur in a chronological order.

Singer, D.A., 1993. Basic concepts in three-part quantitative assessments of undiscovered mineral resources

Description: Since 1975, mineral resource assessments have been made for over 27 areas covering 5x10^6 km2 at various scales using what is now called the three-part form of quantitative assessment. In these assessments, (1) areas are delineated according to the types of deposits permitted by the geology, (2) the amount of metal and some ore characteristics are estimated using grade and tonnage models, and (3) the number of undiscovered deposits of each type is estimated.

Trend Extrapolation

Description: Trend Extrapolations attempts to identify developments based on the assumption that the future is a continuation of the past. This is often a valid assumption over short-term horizons but becomes increasingly uncertain when creating medium and long-term forecasts. The method can be based on regression or probabilistic analyses.

Copernicus Land Monitoring Services

Description: Copernicus Land Monitoring Services: CORINE Land Cover (CLC) consists of an inventory of land cover in 44 classes.

Raw material criticality in the context of classical risk assessment

Description: Glöser S., Tercero Espinoza L., Gandenberger C. , Faulstich M. (2015). Raw material criticality in the context of classical risk assessment.

Systems of reporting for mineral resources and reserves

Description: Like other industrial sectors, the mining industry strongly depends on financial investments that, in turn, depend on how well investors understand the risk involved in estimating mineral resources and reserves. In several countries, professional organizations have published codes and standards that set minimum requirements for public reporting of mineral resources and ore reserves.

Cost–benefit analysis

Description: Cost–benefit analysis (CBA), sometimes called benefit costs analysis (BCA), is a systematic approach to estimate the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives (for example in transactions, activities, functional business requirements or projects investments); it is used to determine options that provide the best approach to achieve benefits while preserving savings. The CBA is also defined as a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a decision, policy (with particular regard to government policy) or (in general) project.

Gaodi et al. (2015), Current Status and Future Trends for Eco-compensation in China

Description: Eco-compensation, known as payment for ecosystem services, is defined in China as an institutional arrangement for regulating the relationship of economic interests among ecological protectors, beneficiaries and destructors in order to protect ecological service function and foster harmony between people and nature with non-market and market tools including transfer payment, taxes and fees.

Ramsar Wetland Data Gateway

Description: The Ramsar Wetlands Data Gateway provides access to spatial and tabular data relevant to Wetlands of International Importance listed under the auspices of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (established in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971).

STEEP(LED) Analysis

Description: STEEP stands for Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political Roadmapping. STEEP analyses are conducted in order to obtain a detailed overview over which external macro-environmental factors influence the trends that are being investigated.

Employment, gender balance, child labour and decent work

Description: This RMIS page explores the contribution of the raw materials sector to EU employment.

Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS

Description: Bonham-Carter G.F. (1994). Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS.

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)

Description: Description of the method of Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA).

A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters (2009/2151(INI))

Description: Commission communication: A community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters European Parliament resolution of 21 September 2010 on the Commission communication: A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters (2009/2151(INI))

IRMA Standard for Responsible Mining IRMA-STD -001 (Draft 2016)

Description: The Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) envisions a world where the mining industry is: respectful %0Aof the human rights and aspirations of affected communities; provides safe, healthful and respectful workplaces; %0Aavoids or minimizes harm to the environment; and leaves positive legacies.

Mineral processing

Description: Mineral processing is a part of science and technology dealing with treatment of mineral materials. It is covered by several physical and physico-chemical separation operation units and involved in performing and description of separations as well as their analysis, evaluation and comparison…

Material flow analysis applied to rare earth elements in the EU-28

Description: Guyonnet, D., Planchon, M., Rollat, A., Escalon, V., Tuduri, J., Charles, N., Vaxelaire, S., Dubois, D., Fargier, H. 2015. Material flow analysis applied to rare earth elements in the EU-28.

Mine waste characterization

Description: Measuring and describing the features, attributes and volumes of waste generated by non-fuel extractive industry operations (i.e. waste from extraction and processing of mineral resources).

Study on the Review of the List of Critical Raw Materials

Description: This study presents the results of a third assessment of critical raw materials for the EU. The criticality assessment is carried out since 2011 and is renewed every three years to reflect production, market and technological developments. A refined methodology developed by the European Commission was used to assess the criticality of 78 raw materials in scope (58 individual and 3 grouped materials: heavy rare earth elements, light rare earth elements, platinum group metals). The final report of the study provides a detailed discussion of the assessment's outcome, including a comparison of its results with the previous assessments (2011, 2014). It is accompanied by 75 qualitative factsheets for all the raw materials assessed, which present key facts and figures about these materials, i.a. on their supply (resources, production, trade, recycling), demand (consumption, applications, prices) and substitution.

EUR-LEX - Access to European Union law

Description: EUR-Lex is a platform operated by the European Commission's Publications Office for access to European Union law. It provides free and multilingual access to the authentic Official Journal of the European Union, EU law (EU treaties, directives, regulations, decisions, consolidated legislation, etc.) preparatory acts (legislative proposals, reports, green and white papers, etc.) EU case-law (judgments, orders, etc.),international agreements EFTA documents, and summaries of EU legislation, which put legal acts into a policy context, explained in plain language. The database is updated daily with some texts dating back to 1951.

Goodland R. (2012), Responsible Mining: The Key to Profitable Resource Development

Description: Better mining corporations want to adopt “Responsible Mining”. This paper outlines what responsible mining actually is and offers a guide to corporations wanting more information on how to become responsible.

Brew, D.A., Drew, L.J., Ludington, S.D., 1992. The Study of the Undiscovered Mineral Resources of the Tongass National Forest and Adjacent Lands, Sout

Description: The quantitative probabilistic assessment of the undiscovered mineral resources of the 17.1-million-acre Tongass National Forest (the largest in the United States) and its adjacent lands is a nonaggregated, mineral-resource-tract-oriented assessment designed for land-planning purposes.

DIRECTIVE 2009/147/EC of 30 November 2009

Description: DIRECTIVE 2009/147/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds

Reichel et al. (2016), Circular economy in Europe. Developing the knowlwdge base

Description: The transition to a circular economy is a complex process involving fundamental changes to production-consumption systems that affect the environment. These include financing mechanisms, consumer behaviour, government intervention such as tax policy, and technological, social and business innovation. Monitoring and assessing the related environmental pressures and impacts is a core EEA activity.

3D modelling

Description: 3D geological modelling is the creation of 3 dimensional models of the earth’s subsurface geology.

Social assessment of raw materials supply chains. A life-cycle-based analysis

Description: This study applies a Social Life Cycle Assessment database for assessing and comparing the social risks associated with the supply chain of raw materials sectors at the macro-scale in EU, and in a set of extra-EU countries. Negative social impacts are expressed in terms of potential risk to be exposed to negative social conditions while potential positive contributions are expressed using an opportunity evaluation.

Overview of international mine closure guidelines

Description: Garcia D.H. (2008). Overview of international mine closure guidelines.

Stahel WR. 2013 Policy for material efficiency—sustainable taxation as a departure from the throwaway society

Description: This paper argues that a simple and convincing lever could accelerate the shift to a circular economy, and that this lever is the shift to a tax system based on the principles of sustainability: not taxing renewable resources including human labour—work—but taxing non-renewable resources instead is a powerful lever.

An analysis of factors leading to the establishment of a social licence to operate in the mining industry

Description: Prno J. (2013). An analysis of factors leading to the establishment of a social licence to operate in the mining industry.

Supply risk

Description: Why CRMs have a Supply risk? The risk of supply not being adequate to meet EU industry demand can come from several sources, including concentration of primary supply from countries exhibiting poor governance, distorted international markets and high dependency from import. Recycling and substitution can contribute to reduce the risk.

Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles

Description: Metal production is responsible for 7-8% of global energy use as well severe environmental impacts. Recycling would decrease both, but even if recycling increased, rising global demand for many metals would remain a huge environmental challenge.

Buijs, B., Sievers, H., Tercero Espinoza, L.A. 2012. Limits to the critical raw materials approach. Proceedings.

Description: The issue of a secure supply of raw materials has regained importance in recent years. A prominent feature of the current discussion has been the identification of ‘critical raw materials’ and of adequate measures to reduce their ‘criticality’. This paper explores the definition, uses and limitations of lists of critical raw materials as a policy tool today and in a historical perspective. It becomes clear that the underlying issues affecting security of supply tend to persist while the identity of the ‘critical’ raw materials changes due to changing market conditions. The usefulness of shortlists of critical raw materials as a policy instrument therefore depends not only on the degree to which a particular methodology reflects the underlying issues but also on the timeframe chosen for the analysis.

ProMine portal

Description: ProMine: a pan-European portal for primary and secondary mineral resources

Mineral processing: fundations of theories and practice on minerallurgy

Description: Mineral processing is a branch of science and technology dealing with processing of natural and synthetic mineral materials as well as accompanying liquids, solutions and gases to provide them with desired properties. It is a part of technical sciences, although it contains elements originating from other fields of knowledge, especially natural sciences. Mineral processing is based on separation processes and is involved in performing and description of separations, as well as their analysis, evaluation, and comparison...

3D Modelling (Block)

Description: 3D block modelling is the creation of 3 dimensional geometrical models of the earth’s subsurface. A block model is a type of 3D model used to analyse the distribution of ore in a deposit.

Exploration phases

Description: Mineral exploration is the process of identifying mineral deposits of economic interest within the earth’s crust which if successful may lead to the extraction or mining of the deposit.

Czech geological survey on line data portal

Description: On-line access to geological and applied thematic maps through the map server service by the Czech geological survey enables targeted searches for information about the geological composition and structure of a selected area, obtaining print-out of the chosen area together with a legend and a topographic base map, or searches in the Digital Archive.

USGS MRDS

Description: USGS MRDS (Mineral Resources Data System) describes metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources throughout the world. Included are deposit name, location, commodity, and references. Some records include deposit description, geologic characteristics, production, reserves, and resources. It includes the original MRDS and MAS/MILS data. https://mrdata.usgs.gov/

Nuss, P., Graedel, T.E., Alonso, E., Carroll, A. 2016. Mapping supply chain risk by network analysis of product platforms.

Description: Modern technology makes use of a variety of materials to allow for its proper functioning. To explore in detail the relationships connecting materials to the products that require them, the authors map supply chains for five product platforms (a cadmium telluride solar cell, a germanium solar cell, a turbine blade, a lead acid battery, and a hard drive (HD) magnet) using a data ontology that specifies the supply chain actors (nodes) and linkages (e.g., material exchange and contractual relationships) among them. They then propose a set of network indicators (product complexity, producer diversity, supply chain length, and potential bottlenecks) to assess the situation for each platform in the overall supply chain networks.

Single Market for Green Products Initiative

Description: A company wishing to market its product as environmentally friendly in several Member State markets faces a confusing range of choices of methods and initiatives. Sometimes they have to use different ones for different markets. This results in costs for companies and confusion for consumers.The European Commission proposed the Product Environmental Footprint and Organisation Environmental Footprint methods as a common way of measuring environmental performance.

Nansai, K. et al. 2017. The role of primary processing in the supply risks of critical metals.

Description: This study seeks to understand the role of primary processing, i.e. the first post-mining stage, in supply risk, by means of a case study on three critical metals (neodymium, cobalt, and platinum) in the context of Japan. Applying the ‘footprint’ concept with a multiregional input–output model, we have quantified the direct and indirect vulnerability of the Japanese economy to such risks. Considering the supply risks associated with primary processors, we find that Japanese final consumers are exposed to relatively higher supply risks for neodymium as compared with cobalt and platinum. Our study shows that the primary processing stage of a metal’s supply chain may contribute significantly to the overall supply risks, suggesting that this stage should be taken into due account in understanding and mitigating supply-chain vulnerability through, e.g. supplier diversification and alternative material development.

Causal Layered Analysis (CLA)

Description: Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) is a technique used in strategic planning and futures studies to more effectively shape the future. It is less concerned with predicting a particular, but opening up the past and the present to create alternative futures.

Services in the internal market Directive 2006/12dec/EC

Description: This Directive establishes a general legal framework which benefits a wide variety of services while taking into account the distinctive features of each type of activity or profession and its system of regulation.

EEA - Data and Maps

Description: EEA - Data and Maps: Corine Land Cover 2006 raster data.

Metso website (services and solutions for mining)

Description: Metso offers equipment, services and process knowledge for the whole value chain of mining, all the way from the pit to the handling of the end product, such as mineral pellets...Metso also produces a handbook entitled 'Basics in Minerals Processing'.

Utilities Directive 2014/25/EU

Description: Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors and repealing Directive 2004/17/EC Text with EEA relevance.

Parameter uncertainty in mineral intelligence analyses

Description: A synthetis of different methods for representing parameter uncertainty in mineral intelligence analyses, with an emphasis on the level of information that is available concerning the parameters.

Geocomputation of mineral exploration targets

Description: Carranza E.J.M. (2011). Geocomputation of mineral exploration targets.

Mining economist opinions on using multi-agent methodology to simulate metal markets

Description: Lefebvre, G. & Andriamasinoro, F. (2016). Mining economist opinions on using multi-agent methodology to simulate metal markets.

Potential of life cycle assessment for supporting the management of critical raw materials

Description: The security of the supply of resources is a key policy and business concern. This concern has been increasingly addressed by bodies such as the European Commission to help identify materials of potential concern in terms of economic importance and supply risks. Equally, tools such as life cycle assessment (LCA) systematically compile inventories of the resources attributable to the supply of goods and services. Such well-established tools, hence, provide an important opportunity for business and governments for strategic management and for identifying improvement options that reduce reliance on so-called critical raw materials (CRMs). This paper explores current practice and the potential of LCA to help business and governments more systematically assess their supply chains.

Directive 2014/52/EU

Description: Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment Text with EEA relevance

Ground investigations for mineral exploration

Description: This factsheet describes how ground investigation techniques, such as drilling or geophysics, are used to characterise subsurface mineral resources. The most common drilling methods and geophysical techniques (such as resistivity, magnetic, gravity, seismic, radar etc..) employed in mineral exploration are discussed in detail.

Concessions Directive 2014/23/EU

Description: Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the award of concession contracts Text with EEA relevance.

Sustainable Development Goals and Raw Materials

Description: This RMIS page highlights the potential contribution of raw materials to different SDGs along the value chain, from extraction to manufacturing, use and end-of-life.

Financial reporting in the mining industry. International Financial, Reporting Standards

Description: The Mining Value Chain and a detailed review of the different activities and associated costs, from exploration and evaluation activities, development activities, production activities…, to closure and rehabilitation provisions.

ProMine mineral databases: new tools to assess primary and secondary mineral resources in Europe

Description: Cassard D., Bertrand G., Billa M., Serrano J.-J., Tourlière B., Angel, J.-M., Gaál G. (2015). ProMine mineral databases: new tools to assess primary and secondary mineral resources in Europe.

Tax incentives for circular economy

Description: Tax incentives represent a tool used by the governments in order to encourage the transition to a circular economy

Raw Materials Information System, Climate & Low-Carbon

Description: The raw materials industries can both contribute to global warming, and at the same time provide the materials that are being used and will be required for the deployment of low-carbon technologies. Furthermore, climate change itself is expected to have an impact on the secure supply of raw materials. This chapter gives an overview of these three-fold challenges.

Mineral deposits groups and types

Description: An overview of the varying styles and types of mineral deposits.

What happens to mine sites after a mine is closed?

Description: Miningfacts.org: What happens to mine sites after a mine is closed?

Critical (and non-critical) raw materials factsheets

Description: Criticality is a screening tool to highlight issues of concern which can subsequently be followed up with more detailed studies and assessments. The results of criticality assessments should therefore be considered a call for attention, not a source of 'panic'. In such a context, it is very unlikely that all aspects that could influence criticality can be included in a screening methodology, while keeping the calculation equations short, simple, and objective. For the above reasons, the EC has developed single raw materials factsheets, where the detailed information and data used in the 2011, 2014 and 2017 CRMs lists are available in a structured and systematic form. Raw materials factsheets equally bring together further information and data that third parties might want to use in their ad hoc criticality assessments.

Process simulator and environmental assessment of the innovative WEEE treatment process

Description: The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing residual materials as a result of huge production of the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), its market expansion and technological progress in its conception. The complex compositions of WEEE (precious, strategic and rare elements, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, hazardous substances...) and its often miniature design lead to the technical and environmental difficulties to propose an efficient and viable flow-sheet for WEEE treatment and for the recovery process. In this context, this study deals with delivering a predictive simulation tool (simulator) for the WEEE physical treatment (size reduction and sorting) useful for coherent matter balance calculation.

Trade restrictions

Description: International commodity markets are increasingly distorted due to a growing trend in the use of export restrictions. Commodity market distortions are particularly relevant for raw materials for which the global market is dominated by a few exporting countries.

Environmental Extended Input Output Analysis (EEIOA)

Description: Description of the method of Environmental Extended Input Output Analysis (EEIOA).

Erdmann, L., Behrendt, S., Feil M. 2011. Kritische Rohstoffe fuer Deutschland. Im Auftrag der KfW Bankengruppe.

Description: Identifikation aus Sicht deutscher Unternehmen wirtschaftlich bedeutsamer mineralischer Rohstoffe, deren Versorgungslage sich mittel- bis langfristig als kritisch erweisen könnte.

Relevance Tree Method

Description: A relevance tree is an analytic technique that subdivides a broad topic into increasingly smaller subtopics thereby showing 'all' possible paths to the objective, and provides a forecast of associated costs, durations and probabilities for each element.

SCRREEN D4.1: Production technologies of CRM from primary resources

Description: SCRREEN D4.1: Production technologies of CRM from primary resources

ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Description: Moving to a circular economy requires reorienting market forces towards resource conservation. To do this, the EU and its Member States can incentivize practices that encourage less waste and penalize those which are more wasteful. Different economic instruments, such as taxes or financial incentives, can fulfill this role based on the impact that producing and consuming a certain good has on human health and the environment. By sending clear price signals to both producer and consumer, circular economy-friendly business models are more likely to emerge and become mainstream faster.

Mining Community Development Agreements : Source Book, World Bank, 2012

Description: The World Bank Oil, Gas and Mining Unit, in its capacity as a driver for best practice related to extractive industry contributions to poverty alleviation, has a strong interest in the sustainable development of mine-impacted communities. As part of the growing global expectation that the extractive industry should contribute positively to long-term local development, a discourse has grown surrounding a variety of structures and processes aim-ing to deliver development benefits to communities affected by mineral resource projects.

Rasilainen, K. et al. 2017Assessment of undiscovered metal resources in Finland

Description: This paper summarises the results of probabilistic estimates of the amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag and Mo in undiscovered orogenic Au, volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS), porphyry Cu, Outokumpu-type Cu-Zn-Co, synorogenic intrusion-related Ni-Cu, komatiite-related Ni, and layered intrusion-hosted contact-type and reef-type PGE deposits in Finland

Feasibility Study

Description: A Feasibility Study (of a mine proposal) is an evaluation of a proposed mining project to determine whether the mineral resource can be mined economically.

Raw Materials Scoreboard 2018, Greenhouse gas emissions

Description: Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the raw materials industries account for 8 % of all GHG emissions in the EU. Most GHG emissions from these industries, which are generally considered energy-intensive, originate from the production and use of energy

Mineral Exploration and Development: Risk and Reward

Description: This paper focuses on the perspectives of private investors in mineral exploration and development. It begins by summarizing the important characteristics of exploration and development, including the various sources of risk. It then discusses the factors that determine the geographic location of private investment in these activities. It closes by describing how exploration and development are financed. Tables at the end of the paper give ideas of typical land area and typical expenditures at various stages of the mineral supply chain.

Services Directive 2006/123/EC

Description: DIRECTIVE 2006/123/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market.

Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-LREE) deposits

Description: Hitzman M.W., Oreskes N., Einaudi M.T. (1992). Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu-U-Au-LREE) deposits.

Primary mineral resources data in Albania

Description: Primary mineral Resources data in Albania ( to include metals)

Role of particle size in mineral processing at Tata Steel

Description: In process industries, for a variety of operations the particle size is a critical parameter and the choice of the process to be chosen during mineral processing is determined largely by the initial size of the mineral. This paper reviews some of the. beneficiation techniques used and the influence of the particle size based on the work done at Tata Steel.

INSPIRE Data Specification on Mineral Resources – Technical Guidelines

Description: INSPIRE Thematic Working Group Mineral Resources (2013). D2.8.III.21 Data Specification on Mineral Resources – Technical Guidelines.

Sectorial demand

Description: Sectorial demand is available in raw materials factsheets

Citizens’ panel or Focus Groups

Description: A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards (infrastructure) planning, policies, technologies, ‘futures’, etc. The method is now used frequently in societal and policy-making research, and in participatory decision-finding processes.

European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)

Description: The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) is the Europe-wide register that provides easily accessible key environmental data from industrial facilities in European Union Member States and in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Serbia and Switzerland. It replaced and improved upon the previous European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER). The new register contains data reported annually by more than 30,000 industrial facilities covering 65 economic activities across Europe.

World Bureau of Metal Statistics

Description: A wholly independent organisation dedicated to the provision of global statistical data for non-ferrous metals. The organisation collects data from a large number of global sources and releases publications on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis to its subscribers. Website: http://www.world-bureau.com/index.html

Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure

Description: This report from the Panel, Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure, provides unrivalled science to inform policy makers about how the recycling of metals can be optimized on an economic and technological basis along product life cycles in the move towards sustainable metals management. Website: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8423

Rainbow color map

Description: This a peer reviewed article in IEE computer graphics and applications 27 (2). Despite much published research on its deficiencies, the rainbow colour map is prevalent in the visualization community. The authors present survey results showing that the rainbow colour map continues to appear in more than half of the relevant papers in IEEE Visualization Conference proceedings. Its use is encouraged by its selection as the default colour map used in most visualization toolkits that the authors inspected. The visualization community must do better. In this article, the authors reiterate the characteristics that make the rainbow colour map a poor choice, provide examples that clearly illustrate these deficiencies even on simple data sets, and recommend better colour maps for several categories of display Website: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6419747_Rainbow_Color_Map_Still_Considered_Harmful

Mineral resources in Norway Production data and annual report

Description: Annual report of the Norwegian mineral and mining industry, turnover and export. Website: https://www.dirmin.no/om-naeringen/mineralstatistikk

MINATURA2020 – Mineral Deposits of Public importance (b)

Description: MINATURA2020 (2016). MINATURA2020 – Mineral Deposits of Public importance. Press release, Brussels, 4 March 2016.

Critical Raw Materials Substitution Profiles

Description: Tercero Espinoza L., Hummen T. et al. (2015). Critical Raw Materials Substitution Profiles. CRM_InnoNet Project.

Strategic, critical, high-tech, rare, and minor metals

Description: A review of the concepts of strategic, critical, high-tech, rare, and minor metals.

CRM_InnoNet: the end of project brochure

Description: CRM_InnoNet (2015). The end of project brochure.

Substitution: the CRM_InnoNet vision

Description: Substitution of a critical raw material (CRM) for a less scarce resource, a new technology or service, is one approach to reducing Europe’s dependence on CRM imports. The vision presented here has been developed by the Critical Raw Materials Innovation Network (CRM_InnoNet).

Critical Raw Materials Substitution Profiles [2015] (CRM_InnoNet)

Description: Collaborative project facilitating networking and delivering European roadmaps on the topic of substitution of critical raw materials. Substitution is one strategy that can reduce the reliance of a company, sector or economy on imported critical raw materials. Website: http://www.criticalrawmaterials.eu/wp-content/uploads/D3.3-Raw-Materials-Profiles-final-submitted-document.pdf

EU policy on mineral resources

Description: POLINARES – EU policy on mineral resources – (http://www.polinares.eu/). Summary of project results published.

European Union Raw Materials Knowledge Base (EURMKB)

Description: The main objectives of the knowledge base are •Data - the EURMKB will provide EU level data and information on raw materials from different sources in a harmonised and standardised way; •New activities – it will encourage activities in the raw materials sector such as exploration, extraction, processing, and recycling, as well as trade, development, skills, and education; •Increased supply – the base will increase the supply of raw materials, as well as strengthen Europe’s position on the forefront of the raw materials sector. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/specific-interest/knowledge-base/index_en.htm

Copper Statistics (I)

Description: Statistics on coppy supply and consumption in the USA Website: https://www.copper.org/publications/pub_list/statistics_directories.html

Fraser Institute Annual Survey of Mining Companies, 2016

Description: The Fraser Institute Annual Survey of Mining Companies, 2016, rates 104 jurisdictions around the world based on a combination of their geologic attractiveness for minerals and metals and their policy attractiveness. The survey is an attempt to assess how mineral endowments and public policy factors such as taxation and regulatory uncertainty affect exploration investment. The survey was circulated electronically to approximately 2,700 individuals between August 30th and November 18th, 2016. Survey responses have been tallied to rank provinces, states, and countries according to the extent that public policy factors encourage or discourage mining investment. A total of 350 responses were received for the survey, providing sufficient data to evaluate 104 jurisdictions. By way of comparison, 109 jurisdictions were evaluated in 2015, 122 in 2014, 112 in 2013, and 96 in 2012. The number of jurisdictions that can be included in the study tends to wax and wane as the mining sector grows or shrinks due to commodity prices and sectoral factors. An overall Investment Attractiveness Index is constructed by combining the Best Practices Mineral Potential index, which rates regions based on their geologic attractiveness, and the Policy Perception Index, a composite index that measures the effects of government policy on attitudes toward exploration investment. While it is useful to measure the attractiveness of a jurisdiction based on policy factors such as onerous regulations, taxation levels, the quality of infrastructure, and the other policy related questions respondents answered, the Policy Perception Index alone does not recognize the fact that investment decisions are often sizably based on the pure mineral potential of a jurisdiction. Indeed, as discussed below, respondents consistently indicate that only about 40 percent of their investment decision is determined by policy factors. Website: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/annual-survey-of-mining-companies-2016

MINVENTORY

Description: The Minventory metadata portal is a directory of statistical data holders, the characteristics of the data they hold and – where possible – links to where the data may more easily be located. It covers the EU28 and a number of neighbouring countries. Material stocks are analysed and described not only by statistics. The portal provides links to other related initiatives and portals which cover these complementary aspects. Website: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/minventory/

European Aggregates Association (UEPG)

Description: The European Aggregates Association (or Union Européene des Producteurs de Granulats, UEPG) is a trade assocation representing the aggregates industry in Europe. On behalf of its 27 member countries, the UEPG actively lobbies the European institutions and other stakeholders on issues key to the industry including health and safety, sustainability, access to local resources, recycling and excellence in environmental stewardship and biodiversity. The website includes statistics relating to the size of the industry and the level of production by year. Website: http://www.uepg.eu/

Factsheet zinc

Description: Fact sheet on use, appearance, health hazard, environmental impact, stock flow and economic aspects of zinc in Switzerland Website: http://neros.ch/wp-content/uploads/NEROS_Factsheet_Zink.pdf

Geoinform Ukraine, Interactive Geological Map of Ukraine

Description: Geoinform: mineral data stacking, recording & processing Website: http://geoinf.kiev.ua/wp/Interactive-Geological-Map-of-Ukraine.htm

The single component geochemical map

Description: Single component geochemical maps are the most basic representation of spatial elemental distributions and commonly used in environmental and exploration geochemistry. However, This is a peer reviewed article in the Journal of Geochemical Exploration. the compositional nature of geochemical data imposes several limitations on how the data should be presented. The problems relate to the constant sum problem (closure), and the inherently multivariate relative information conveyed by compositional data. Well known is, for instance, the tendency of all heavy metals to show lower values in soils with significant contributions of diluting elements (e.g., the quartz dilution effect); or the contrary effect, apparent enrichment in many elements due to removal of potassium during weathering. The validity of classical single component maps is thus investigated, and reasonable alternatives that honour the compositional character of geochemical concentrations are presented. The first recommended such method relies on knowledge-driven log-ratios, chosen to highlight certain geochemical relations or to filter known artefacts (e.g. dilution with SiO2 or volatiles). This is similar to the classical normalisation approach to a single element. The second approach uses the (so called) log-contrasts, that employ suitable statistical methods (such as classification techniques, regression analysis, principal component analysis, and clustering of variables) to extract potentially interesting geochemical summaries. The caution from this work is that if a compositional approach is not used, it becomes difficult to guarantee that any identified pattern, trend or anomaly is not an artefact of the constant sum constraint. In summary the authors recommend a chain of enquiry that involves searching for the appropriate statistical method that can answer the required geological or geochemical question whilst maintaining the integrity of the compositional nature of the data. The required log-ratio transformations should be applied followed by the chosen statistical method. Interpreting the results may require a closer working relationship between statisticians, data analysts and geochemists. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375674215301047

Statistical Review of World Energy

Description: An annual publication that provides high-quality objective and globally consistent data on world energy markets. Tables include consumption of primary energy; reserves, production, consumption, prices and trade data for oil, natural gas and coal; consumption of nuclear energy, hydroelectricity and renewable energy; electricity generation; and carbon dioxide emissions. Website: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

Review of the Future Resource Risks Faced by UK Business and an Assessment of Future Viability

Description: This report seeks to identify the resources essential to the UK most at risk of future scarcity and how businesses need to negotiate these difficulties in order to ensure their operations are sustainable and profitable for years to come. Website: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=EV0458_9917_FRP.pdf

Permitting/Licensing at EU level

Description: Toward a common legislation related to permitting and licensing at the EU level. An overview based on the text of the EC’s tender ‘Study - Legal framework for mineral extraction and permitting procedures for exploration and exploitation in the EU'.

Life Cycle Impact Assessment ReCiPe

Description: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. ReCiPe is a method for the impact assessment (LCIA) in a LCA. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) translates emissions and resource extractions into a limited number of environmental impact scores by means of so-called characterization factors. The normalization factors serve to indicate the share of the modeled characterized results in a worldwide or regional total. There are two mainstream ways to derive characterization factors, i.e. at midpoint level and at endpoint level. ReCiPe calculates: - 18 midpoint indicators - 3 endpoint indicators Midpoint indicators focus on single environmental problems, for example climate change or acidification. Endpoint indicators show the environmental impact on three higher aggregation levels, being the 1) effect on human health, 2) biodiversity and 3) resource scarcity, converting midpoints to endpoints. ReCiPe Impact assessment database provides characterization and normalization factors for both levels, midpoint and endpoint. http://www.rivm.nl/dsresource?objectid=b9e34fd1-4ab4-40c4-917a-46a3cbebbc97&type=PDF Website: http://www.rivm.nl/en/Topics/L/Life_Cycle_Assessment_LCA/ReCiPe

IGME 5000 international map of Europe

Description: geological map of Europe at 1:5000000 which can be queryed to give age rock type and some other details Website: https://geoviewer.bgr.de/mapapps/resources/apps/geoviewer/index.html?lang=de&tab=geologie&cover=geologie_igme5000_ags

Resource Criticality in Modern Economies: Agent-Based Model Demonstrates Vulnerabilities...

Description: Sherwood J., Ditta A., Haney B., Haarsma L., Carbajales Dale M. (2017). Resource Criticality in Modern Economies: Agent-Based Model Demonstrates Vulnerabilities from Technological Interdependence.

Global critical materials markets: An agent-based modeling approach

Description: Riddle, M., Macal, C.M., Conzelmann, G., Combs, T.E., Bauer, D. & Fields, F. (2015). Global critical materials markets: An agent-based modeling approach.

General Morphological Analysis. A general method for non-quantified modeling

Description: General Morphological Analysis method is a qualitative approach frequently used in future (foresight) studies supporting the structuring of complex policy and planning issues. Website: http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/gma.pdf

Annex to the Report of Critical Raw Materials for the EU [2014]; Critical Raw Materials Profiles

Description: Annex containing profiles on the raw materials deemed 'critical' by this 2014 study. See separate documents for main report and non-critical raw material profiles. At the heart of this work is defining the critical raw materials for the EU’s economy. These critical raw materials have a high economic importance to the EU combined with a high risk associated with their supply. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/11911/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native

Calculation Methodology for the National Footprint Accounts, 2010 Edition

Description: This is a paper on Ecological Footprint analysis: the human demand on ecosystems services. It uses metrics tracking human demand on, and availability of, the regenerative and waste absorptive capacity within the biosphere to track minimum sustainability conditions. Website: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/National_Footprint_Accounts_Method_Paper_2010.pdf

MineralsUK

Description: MineralsUK is the British Geological Survey's Centre for Sustainable Mineral Development. This website has a wealth of information on mineral resources, mineral planning, policy and legislation, sustainable development, statistics and exploration. Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/

Geus - geodata for Denmark

Description: webpage with links to all Geus's publically available geodata - includes geophysics, wells, oil and gas, ground water, marine geology, soils, models, groundwater mineral occurrences and data for Greenland. Website: http://www.geus.dk/UK/data-maps/Pages/default.aspx

Mineral Profile - Nickel

Description: Nickel is a lustrous, silvery-white metal which is hard, ductile, malleable and can take a high polish. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1411

Life Cycle Impact Assessment CML2002

Description: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. Life Cycle Impact assessment (LCIA) is the phase in which the set of results of the Inventory Analysis, mainly the inventory table with emissions and extractions, is further processed and interpreted in terms of environmental impacts and societal preferences. To this end, a list of impact categories (environmental problems) is defined, and models for relating environmental interventions to suitable category indicators for these impact categories are selected. The actual modeling results are calculated in the characterization step, and an optional normalization serves to indicate the share of the modeled results in a worldwide or regional total. CML-IA is a database that contains characterization and normalization factors for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). It contains the characterization factors for all baseline characterization methods mentioned in the Handbook on LCA, such as GWP100, POCP, HTPinf and AP. Guinée et al. (2002), J.B. Handbook on life cycle assessment. Operational guide to the ISO standards. I: LCA in perspective. IIa: Guide. IIb: Operational annex. III: Scientific background. Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020-0228-9, Dordrecht. http://www.cml.leiden.edu/research/industrialecology/researchprojects/finished/new-dutch-lca-guide.html The CML2002 set of impact assessment factors are defined on the midpoint level (e.g. abiotic resource depletion of elements, abiotic resource depletion of fossil fuels, global warming, ecotoxicity, acidification etc.) Website: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/science/cml-ia-characterisation-factors

Predicting gold-rich epithermal and porphyry systems in the central Andes...

Description: Billa M., Cassard D., Lips A.L.W., Bouchot V., Tourlière B., Stein G., Guillou-Frottier L. (2004). Predicting gold-rich epithermal and porphyry systems in the central Andes with a continental-scale metallogenic GIS.

GEMAS Geochemical mapping of agricultural and grazing land soil

Description: a project producing ant atlas of chemistry of agricultural soils. The GEMAS project delivers good quality and comparable exposure data of metals on agricultural and grazing land soil; in addition, soil properties, known to influence the bioavailability and toxicity of metals (and other elements), were determined on soil at the European scale. The sampling, at a density of 1 site/2500 sq. km, was completed at the beginning of 2009 by collecting 2211 samples of agricultural soil (Ap-horizon, 0-20 cm, regularly ploughed fields), and 2118 samples from land under permanent grass cover (grazing land soil, 0-10 cm), according to an agreed field protocol. Website: http://gemas.geolba.ac.at/

G-Base report

Description: This is a report detailing the Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (G-BASE), one of the British Geological Survey’s (BGS) core strategic projects and commenced in the late 1960s at which time it was primarily concerned with mineral exploration. It has now evolved into a multimedia, high resolution geochemical survey producing baseline data relevant to many environmental issues. Demand for high quality geochemical data for the surface environment is driven by legislation such as Part IIa of the Environmental Protection Act and the EU Water Framework Directive. This on-going geochemical mapping of Great Britain involves the collection of drainage sediment and water samples, and soils at a density of 1–2 samples every square kilometre. By the end of 2003 the project has completed approximately 80% of Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) and southern England remains to be sampled. Drainage samples have been collected from all areas but it is only in recent years that soil sampling has become part of the systematic survey. Samples are collected during the summer by teams of geoscience/environmental science undergraduates led by experienced BGS geochemists. All chemical analyses are done at the BGS laboratories in Keyworth with x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) being the principal analytical method for stream sediments and soils, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry the main method for surface waters. Website: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/509527/1/CR04016N.pdf

European Environment Agency - Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS)

Description: Established to improve the collection, exchange and use of environmental data and information across Europe. SEIS aims to create an EU-wide environmental information system Website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/what/shared-environmental-information-system-1

Minerals Ireland, exploration and mining division

Description: The Exploration and Mining Division (EMD) is a line division of the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources. EMD's remit includes: • Regulation and permitting of exploration for and extraction of minerals (excluding petroleum, stone, sand, gravel and clay); • Promoting inward investment; • Policy development; • Representing and protecting the State’s interests; • The exclusive right to work all minerals regardless of ownership (with a few minor exceptions); • Rehabilitation of former mine sites where the Minister has an identified role; Website: http://www.mineralsireland.ie/Mining+in+Ireland/

EU-MKDP: European Union Minerals Knowledge Data Platform

Description: EU-MKDP: European Union Minerals Knowledge Data Platform

EU Knowledge data platforms

Description: Several European Knowledge Data Platforms (KDPs) have been developed recently within financial support from either FP7 or H2020. They are the starting point for the European Union Raw Materials Knowledge Base (EURMKB).

MinFuture

Description: This is the website of an EU funded project looking at improving access to minerals information no information ahs been reported by this project as of mid 2017. Global demand for minerals is growing rapidly, driven by rapid population growth, urbanisation and an increasingly diverse range of technical applications. Global material supply chains linking the extraction, transport and processing stages of raw materials have become increasingly complex and today involve multiple players and product components. An interactive platform that provides transparency about existing approaches and information gaps concerning global material flows is needed to understand these global supply chains; developing this capability is critical for maintaining competitiveness in the European economy. Against this backdrop, the proposed MinFuture project aims to identify, integrate, and develop expertise for global material flow analysis and scenario modelling. Specific activities include: • the analysis of barriers and gateways for delivering more transparent and interoperable materials information • the assessment of existing model approaches for global material flow analysis, including the demand-supply forecasting methods • the delivery of a ‘common methodology’ which integrates mineral data, information and knowledge across national boundaries and between governmental and non-governmental organisations; • the development of recommendations for a roadmap to implement the ‘common methodology’ at international level; • the creation of a web-portal to provide a central access point for material flow information, including links to existing data sources, models, tools and analysis; MinFuture brings together 16 international partners from across universities, public organisations and companies, to deliver new insight, strategic intelligence and a clear roadmap for enabling effective access to global material information. A transdisciplinary Advisory Board supports early-on and continuous integration of relevant expertise and perspectives into project activities for strategic guidance. It furthermore enables to increase the salience and topicality of project findings in relation to ongoing processes, as the AB members will function as enabling agents to take MinFuture results further to their organisations and networks. Website: http://www.minfuture.eu/

Insights on the EURare Integrated Knowledge Management System (IKMS) on European REE data

Description: Cassard D., Tertre F., Bertrand G., Schjøth F., Heijboer T., Podboj M. (2017). Insights on the EURare Integrated Knowledge Management System (IKMS) on European REE data.

Platts Market Data - Metals

Description: Provides the latest ferrous and nonferrous benchmarks and price assessments from both S&P Global Platts and The Steel Index (TSI). With access to end-of-day assessments, third party data and a rolling 45-day historic database from two of the leading metals price reporting agencies. Website: http://www.platts.com/products/market-data-metals

Sustainable Aggregates Resource Management (SARMA)

Description: The main objective of the project is to develop a common approach to (a) sustainable aggregate resource management (SARM) and (b) sustainable supply mix (SSM) planning, at three scales: regional, national and transnational. The project will build the foundation for a Regional Centre on sustainable aggregates management and supply. Website: http://www.sarmaproject.eu/

Draft Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015 in the area of Climate action, environment, resource...

Description: European Commission (2014). Draft Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015 in the area of Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials.

European Commission - European Union (EU) Water framework directive - integrated river basin management for Europe

Description: Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html

Croatian Bureau of Statistics - Industrial production (annual PRODCOM results)

Description: The Croatian Bureau of Statistics (CBS) publish numerous, national level statistical datsets on an annual basis. These data sets inlcude, but are not limited to: agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing; environment; education, science, culture and social welfare; population; and industry, energy and information. Industrial production volumes are reproted inline with NACE 2 divisions and combined nomenclature (CN) groups. Website: http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm

Metal Bulletin

Description: A source of news, articles, prices and company information for the metals industry Website: https://www.metalbulletin.com/

National Institute of Statistics (Romania)

Description: The National Institute of Statistics (Romania) publishes national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These datasets inlcude, but are not limited to: construction; domestic trade; education; environment; labour force; population; prices; industry; and energy. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production are possibly reported by the National Institute of Statistics (Romania); however, registration is required to access the data. Website: http://www.insse.ro/cms/en

International Lead and Zinc Study Group (ILZSG)

Description: The ILZSG primarily publishes data related to the production, trade and consumption of lead and zinc in the form of monthly statistical bulletins and statistical yearbooks. It also publishes factsheets and market forecast reports. Website: http://www.ilzsg.org/static/home.aspx

EMU Danmarks læringsportal - Hvad er mineralsk råstoffer? [EMU Danish teacher's portal - What are mineral raw materials?]

Description: Different modules for teacher's use - related to i.e. explanation on mineral raw materials, the different types of mineral raw materials, use and mining thereof, demand for mineral raw materials, supply security, further information on mineral raw materials. Website: http://www.emu.dk/modul/hvad-er-mineralske-r%C3%A5stoffer

Mineral Products Association (MPA) - Sustainable communities

Description: MPA are recognised and valued for supplying essential materials for a sustainable future in a manner that is socially and environmentally responsible - Health and Safety data Website: http://www.mineralproducts.org/sustainability/sustainable-communities-data.html

Mineral Products Association (MPA) - Natural Resources

Description: MPA are recognised and valued for supplying essential materials for a sustainable future in a manner that is socially and environmentally responsible - Biodiversity data Website: http://www.mineralproducts.org/sustainability/natural-resources-data.html

Geoscience terminology working group

Description: The Geoscience terminology working group aims to foster the interoperability and exchange of geoscience information, by active community leadership, collaboration, education, and the development and promotion of geoscience information standards and best practice. The group has several working groups on; OGC-CGI geological data transfer standards, data transfer standards for mineral resources and mining information, geoscience terminology for multilingual vocabularies for geoscience and an a collaborative network of African and global geoinformatics professionals working together to enable geoscience information to contribute to the environmental and economic prosperity of the people of Africa. various standards and documents for geoscience terminology and data transfer can be downloaded from their website. Website: http://www.cgi-iugs.org/home.html

A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection.

Description: This is a peer reviewed paper which reviews accuracy estimation methods and compares the two most common methods: cross validation and bootstrap. Recent experimental results on artificial data and theoretical results in tested settings have shown that for selecting a good classifier from a set of classifiers ten fold cross validation may one better then the more expensive leave one out cross validation. Website: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0be0/d781305750b37acb35fa187febd8db67bfcc.pdf

Global Environmental Database (GED)

Description: The Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) at the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) has established a Global Environmental Database (GED), which comprises data and research results collected and compiled from natural and social sciences. The GED serves as a fundamental database related to global environmental problems with an emphasis on global warming and climate change. The database provides long-term monitoring data, data analysis results and output of models. Quality controlled open data is provided in original format and NASA AMES format. And users are also able to overview the data by utilities plotting parameters. The database mainly contains data for Japan and the Japan region, in two different databases 1) Atmospheric and Oceanic Monitoring Fixed and mobile platforms are used to observe the atmosphere and oceans in order to come to an understanding of the true state of the environment from a global perspective. High quality data are collected through long-term monitoring that will contribute to research on clarifying the causes of global environmental change. 2) Terrestrial Monitoring After the Kyoto Protocol - the international consensus toward combatting global warming - entered into force in 2005, detailed evaluation of forest ecosystems' potential to absorb carbon dioxide has become an imperative. The Center for Global Environmental Research started Carbon Balance Monitoring in Terrestrial Ecosystems in 1999 under its Global Environmental Monitoring Project. The Office of Terrestrial Monitoring is striving to provide data of carbon balance over a wide area by integrating carbon balance data obtained from site-based forest ecosystem observations and aerial parameters obtained from remote sensing. This database contains CO2 concentration profiles, fluxes, spectral and meteorological datasets etc. Website: http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/portal/geds/index

National emission accounts, UNFCCC

Description: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) database provides officially reported greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/removals data by countries that are Parties to the Climate Change Convention. Metadata description: https://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=750 Website: http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/3800.php

The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet)

Description: a seres of data portals with data for a varity of themes for marine geospatial data. The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) consists of more than 100 organisations assembling marine data, products and metadata to make these fragmented resources more available to public and private users relying on quality-assured, standardised and harmonised marine data which are interoperable and free of restrictions on use. EMODnet is currently in its second development phase with the target to be fully deployed by 2020 Website: http://www.emodnet.eu/

Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy

Description: National Research Council of the National Academies (2007). Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy.

World Mineral Statistics

Description: A long-running, continuous dataset containing annual mineral production data by country from 1913 to present; mineral imports and exports for all countries from 1913 to 2002 and for European countries from 2003 to 2014 Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/home.html

BGR Geoviewer

Description: BGR public data holdings for a very wide range of geodata. The info (i) for every map contains a link to the Produktcenter, where the relevant geodata are available for download. The offered map data cover whole Germany and are generalized for different scale intervals between 1:200 000 and 1:5 000 000. Thus some map services are displayed only for fixed scale ranges depending on data sources and disciplines. The following themes are covered by the BGR GEoviewer: -Boundaries and Places of the world: this map presents country boundaries; -Soil map of Germany -General geological map of Germany -German earthquake catalogue -International hydrogeological map of Europe -PanGeo ground stability layers of Berlin and Hanover -Map of mining and storage operations of Germany Website: http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Geodatenmanagement/Geoviewer/geoviewer_node_en.html

Glencore - Resources and reserves 2015

Description: We report our resources and reserves in accordance with the 2012 edition of the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (JORC Code), the 2007 edition (as amended July 2009) of the South African Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (SAMREC), the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves (2014 edition) and the Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS) for reporting oil and natural gas Reserves and Resources. Website: http://www.glencore.com/investors/reports-and-results/reserves-and-resources/

European Commission - Environment - Waste

Description: Turning waste into a resource is one key to a circular economy. The objectives and targets set in European legislation have been key drivers to improve waste management, stimulate innovation in recycling, limit the use of landfilling, and create incentives to change consumer behaviour. The European Union's approach to waste management is based on the 'waste hierarchy' which sets the following priority order when shaping waste policy and managing waste at the operational level: prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/index.htm#

European Foresight Platform - FLA Mapping Environment

Description: The EFP Mapping Environment is a multi-purpose platform aimed to monitor, analyse and position (MAP) forward-looking activities (FLA) in Europe and the world. Space for locating and sharing research and innovation initiatives, which are often associated to one or more of the following approaches: foresight, horizon scanning, forecasting and impact assessment. Website: http://www.mappingforesight.eu/

Eurostat’s economy-wide material flow accounts

Description: Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) provide an aggregate overview, in thousand tonnes per year, of the material flows into and out of an economy. EW-MFA cover solid, gaseous, and liquid materials, except for bulk flows of water and air. Eurostat undertakes annual data collections which are covered by Regulation (EU) 691/2011 consolidated version (Annex III). The EW-MFA questionnaire as well as compilation guidelines can be found on the Environment – methodology webpage of the Eurostat website. EW-MFA data are downloadable from Eurostat's online database. Six data sets are available: Material flow accounts (env_ac_mfa): includes detailed material flows into (domestic extraction and physical imports) and out (physical exports) of an economy according to Regulation (EU) 691/2011, Material flow accounts - domestic processed output (env_ac_mfadpo): provides detailed material flows from an economy to the environment, termed 'domestic processed output', Material flow accounts - balancing items (env_ac_mfabi): provides balancing items required to articulate a consistent material input-output balance of an economy, Material flow accounts - main indicators (env_ac_mfain): this dataset provides highly aggregated EW-MFA and derived indicators, Resource productivity (env_ac_rp): resource productivity is the policy indicator relating gross domestic product (GDP) – measured in various units – to the main material flow indicator domestic material consumption (DMC) and Material flow accounts in raw material equivalents (MFA-RME) - modelling estimates (env_ac_rme): extension to the standard EW-MFA to include the 'material footprint' indicator raw material consumption - RMC. It is based on environmental-economic modelling. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/material-flows-and-resource-productivity

Life Cycle Impact Assessment ILCD recommended factors

Description: A Life Cyscle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. Life Cycle Impact assessment (LCIA) is the phase in which the set of results of the Inventory Analysis, mainly the inventory table with emissions and extractions, is further processed and interpreted in terms of environmental impacts and societal preferences. To this end, a list of impact categories (environmental problems) is defined, and models for relating environmental interventions to suitable category indicators for these impact categories are selected. The actual modeling results are calculated in the characterization step, and an optional normalization serves to indicate the share of the modeled results in a worldwide or regional total. The European Platform on LCA (EPLCA) aims to harmonize the use of Impact Assessment factors. Therefore it provides guidance and data to facilitate LCIA. It equally outlines criteria against which models and indicators should be evaluated, covering both scientific aspects and stakeholder acceptability. The ILCD recommended set of impact assessment factors are defined on the midpoint level (e.g. abiotic resource depletion of elements, abiotic resource depletion of fossil fuels, global warming, ecotoxicity, acidification etc.) http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Website: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/?page_id=1159

Futures Research Methodology (Delphi)

Description: Futures Research Methodology Version 3.0 is the largest, most comprehensive collection of internationally peer-reviewed handbook on methods and tools to explore future possibilities ever assembled in one resource. Over half of the chapters were written by the inventor of the method or by a significant contributor to the method’s evolution. The CD-ROM contains 39 chapters totalling about 1,300 pages. Each method is treated in a separate file in word (.doc) and PDF format. The series begins with an introductory chapter to futures research and concludes with a synthesis of methods and speculation about the future of futures research methods. The other 37 chapters cover one specific method (e.g. Futures Wheel, Scenarios) or category of methods (e.g. Systems Perspectives, Normative Forecasting). Each of the 37 chapters contains: • an executive overview of each method's history, • description of the method • primary and alternative usages, • strengths and weaknesses, • uses in combination with other methods, and • speculation about future evolution of the method. •Some also contain appendixes with applications, links to software, and sources for further information. Version 3.0 has not only added new chapters, it has also updated and improved the editing of the previous chapters making this version a significant improvement on the previous one. Website: http://www.millennium-project.org/millennium/FRM-V3.html#toc

European protected sites 2013

Description: This overview map is a colour-coded interactive viewer of protected sites (Natura 2000 sites and nationally designated areas (CDDA)) across the European Union. Website: http://maps.eea.europa.eu/EEABasicViewer/v3/index.html?appid=07661dc8a5bc446fafcfe918c91a1b1b

European Commission - The Habitats directive

Description: The Habitats Directive ensures the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora and aims to promote the maintenance of biodiversity, taking account of economic, social, cultural and regional requirements. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm

Mining in the EU, Regulation and the way forward

Description: In this briefing: Minng and Quarrying in the EU; EU legislation overview; Economic concerns; Revival of domestic mining; European parliament. Website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2012/120376/LDM_BRI(2012)120376_REV1_EN.pdf

Minerals4EU Yearbook

Description: A digital yearbookcontaining statistical data for primary minerals production, trade, resources and reserves; and for secondary materials it contains data for mineral-based waste generation, treatment and trade. It also contains case studies relating to the recovery of a small number of commodities from key waste streams. Website: http://minerals4eu.brgm-rec.fr/m4eu-yearbook/theme_selection.html

Risk List [2015]

Description: The updated risk list provides a simple indication of the relative risk in 2015 to the supply of 41 elements or element groups that we need to maintain our economy and lifestyle. This is an updae of a similar assessment carried out in 2011 and 2012 Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=3075

Agents of change: Conventional economic models failed to foresee the financial crisis....

Description: The Economist (2010). Agents of change: Conventional economic models failed to foresee the financial crisis. Could agent-based modelling do better?

World Mining Data

Description: In the annual publication 'WORLD MINING DATA' production figures of 63 mineral commodities from 168 countries are summarized and statistically evaluated. This information is available in tabular form. Production of mineral commodities is listed in detail by continents, country groups, development status, per capita income, economic blocks, political stability of producing countries, largest producers and others. Production of mineral commodities is also listed by producer countries. Website: http://www.en.bmwfw.gv.at/Energy/WorldMiningData/Seiten/default.aspx

Mineral Profile - Copper

Description: This commodity profile provides an overview of copper, with up-to-date information on world production, trade and process. Emphasis is placed on the British perspective. It is one of a series on important mineral commodities intended to inform a non-specialist audience Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1410

EURARE Information Knowledge Management System (IKMS)

Description: EURARE is a project funded by the European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'. The rare earth elements are vital components of many modern technologies, including electric and conventional cars, computers and smartphones, renewable energy infrastructure, and phosphor lighting. The IKMSprovides a tool to search the database containing documents relating to rare earths, view statisics, datasets and combine with a map viewer. Website: http://eurare.brgm-rec.fr/

Official Journal of the European Union - EU directive on Environmental assessments

Description: Assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. Website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:026:0001:0021:EN:PDF

IKMS: Integrated Knowledge Management System for REE in Europe

Description: IKMS: Integrated Knowledge Management System for REE in Europe

EO miners

Description: The aim of EO-MINERS is to bring into play EO (Earth observation) based methods and tools to facilitate and improve interaction between the mineral extractive industry and society in view of its sustainable development while improving its societal acceptability. The social acceptability of a mining project, from exploration to closure, is among the major key issues to be dealt with. EO-MINERS scientific and technical objectives are to: • assess policy requirements at macro (public) and micro (mining companies) levels and define environmental, socio-economic, societal and sustainable development criteria and indicators to be possibly dealt using Earth Observation (EO); • use existing EO knowledge and carry out new developments on demonstration sites to demonstrate the capabilities of integrated EO-based methods and tools in monitoring, managing and contributing reducing the environmental and societal footprints of the extractive industry during all phases of a mining project and • contribute making available reliable and objective information about affected ecosystems, populations and societies, to serve as a basis for a sound “trialogue” between industrialists, governmental organisations and stakeholder. The EO-Miners website contains detailed descriptions of the project as well as downloadable material of the deliverables including the results of studes in South Africa, the Czech Republic and Kyrgyzstan. Website: http://www.eo-miners.eu/prelim_results/pr_introduction.htm

Romanian National Agency for Mineral Resources

Description: By using this Website, the National Agency for Mineral Resources supports those interested in opportunities in the mining and oil sectors in our country. This site provides access to legislation and tenders for the exploration and exploitation and provides updated information on activitarea ANRM. Website: http://www.namr.ro/home-page/

911 Metallurgist. A practical guide to mineral processing engineering

Description: The variability in gold recovery is a very important problem to study during the first steps of the project and even during the operation. It is important to analyse all possible variables during the metallurgical testing program so that possible variations can be assessed. All this information must be used in the feasibility study , which follows a systematic evaluation of a specific gold project. Website: https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/geometallurgy

International Copper Study Group (ICSG)

Description: The ICSG primarily publishes copper trade and production statistics in the form of monthly statistical bulletins and statistical yearbooks. Other outputs include: copper market forecast reports; trade flow reports; and a directory of copper mines and plants. Website: http://www.icsg.org/

Geochemical map of Spain

Description: web browser showing geochemistry data for IGME. This allows a search of the year, campaign and element of interest to obtain geochemical records Website: http://info.igme.es/geoquimica/

Compositional data and their analysis: an introduction

Description: A chapter In the book 'Compositional Data Analysis in the Geosciences: for theory to practice'. Compositional data are those which contain only relative information. They are parts of some whole. In most cases they are recorded as closed data, i.e. data summing to a constant, such as 100% - whole-rock geochemical data being classic examples. Compositional data have important and particular properties that preclude the application of standard statistical techniques on such data in raw form. Standard techniques are designed to be used with data that are free to range from -oo to +oo. Compositional data are always positive and range only from 0 to 100, or any other constant, when given in closed form. If one component increases, others must, perforce, decrease, whether or not there is a genetic link between these components. This means that the results of standard statistical analysis of the relationships between raw components or parts in a compositional dataset are clouded by spurious effects. Although such analyses may give apparently interpretable results, they are, at best, approximations and need to be treated with considerable circumspection. The methods outlined in this volume are based on the premise that it is the relative variation of components which is of interest, rather than absolute variation. Log-ratios of components provide the natural means of studying compositional data. In this contribution the basic terms and operations are introduced using simple numerical examples to illustrate their computation and to familiarize the reader with their use Website: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/264/1/1.full.pdf

Copernicus land cover

Description: The Corinne land cover (CLC) inventory consists of an inventory of land cover in 44 classes. CLC uses a Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) of 25 hectares (ha) for areal phenomena and a minimum width of 100 m for linear phenomena. The time series are complemented by change layers, which highlight changes in land cover with an MMU of 5 ha. Different MMUs mean that the change layer has higher resolution than the status layer. Due to differences in MMUs the difference between two status layers will not equal to the corresponding CLC-Changes layer. CLC has a wide variety of applications, underpinning various Community policies in the domains of environment, but also agriculture, transport, spatial planning etc… It utilizes IRS P6 LISS III and RapidEye dual date satellite data and covers 39 countries. Website: http://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover

European Commission web pages on critical raw materials

Description: European Commission web pages focussing on critical raw materials. This webage explains the essential nature of raw materials and the ongoing work of the Commission. This webpage outlines the methodology for evaluating the criticality of raw materials and has links to previous lists of critical raw materaisl (2011 and 2014). Website: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/specific-interest/critical/

Limits to the critical raw materials approach

Description: Buijs B., Sievers H., Tercero Espinoza L.A. (2012). Limits to the critical raw materials approach.

MINATURA2020

Description: The exploitation of indigenous mineral deposits in Europe is essential if we are to ensure that the needs of European society can be satisfied in a sustainable manner. To achieve this objective, society needs to ensure that effective access is provided to enable the exploration and exploitation of such mineral deposits, without compromising the needs of current or future generations. Accordingly, the potential of exploitable mineral deposits (including abandoned and historic mining sites) needs to be evaluated specifically and in relation to other land use and environmental objectives. The deliberation between mineral exploitation and other land uses objectives is a challenging arena which requires informed evidence.A H2020 funded EU project aiming to develop a concept methodology for the definition and subsequent protection of 'mineral deposits of public importance' in order to ensure their 'best use' in the future and to be included in a harmonised European regulatory/ guidance/ policy frametwork. Providing a policy-planning framework that aligns with the 'sustainability principles' for mining like for other land uses is the key driving force behind MINATURA2020. Website: http://minatura2020.eu/

United Nations Commodity Trade Database

Description: Free access to detailed global trade data. UN Comtrade is a repository of official trade statistics and relevant analytical tables. It contains annual trade statistics starting from 1962 and monthly trade statistics since 2010 Website: http://comtrade.un.org

Life Cycle Data Network - European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment

Description: The Life Cycle Data Network (LCDN) was launched in Brussels on 6th February 2014. The LCDN is aimed at providing a globally usable infrastructure for the publication of quality assured LCA dataset (i.e. LCI datasets and LCIA method datasets) from different organizations ( e.g. industry, national LCA projects, research groups, and consultants). Website: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/

Geographical information system of the Commission (GISCO)

Description: The GISCO database contains core geographical data for all of Europe such as administrative boundaries, but also thematic geospatial information, for instance population grid data GISCO's main task is to provide reference geographical information and related services for use within Eurostat and the Commission and to the European citizens at large. It also coordinates Commission-wide geographical information activities and common strategies and has the goal to promote and stimulate the use of geographical information within the European Statistical System and the Commission. GISCO activities consist of the following pillars: • management of the geographical reference database of the Commission; • operation of the spatial data infrastructure of the European Commission; • data processing, mainly for thematic mapping, spatial analysis, and data dissemination; • coordination and relationships with users and producers (Commission, European agencies, statistical offices); • promoting activities to integrate geographical information with thematic information, notably statistical information; • cooperation in initiatives for the establishment of a geographical information infrastructure at the European level (INSPIRE). The GISCO database contains geographical reference data, mainly for use within the Commission. However, selected datasets are also available to the public: • Administrative boundaries and statistical units; • Ports and airports; • Digital Elevation Model; • Population distribution; • Land Cover/Land Use information. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Geographical_information_system_of_the_Commission_(GISCO)#What_is_GISCO.3F

Official Journal of the European Union - EU emissions trading directive

Description: Amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the European Community Website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0063:0087:en:PDF

A framework and requirements for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) models and indicators (ILCD Handbook)

Description: This guidance document provides a framework and requirements for the models that are used to analyse the emissions into air, water and soil, as well as the resources consumed in terms of their contributions to different impacts on human health, natural environment, and natural resources. It supports the calculation of indicators for different impact categories such as climate change or acid rain in a Life Cycle Assessment. Website: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/ILCD-Handbook-LCIA-Framework-Requirements-ONLINE-March-2010-ISBN-fin-v1.0-EN.pdf

Ecological Footprints and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: Measuring the Natural Capital Requirements of the Human Economy

Description: Contrasts conventional economic rationality with economic principles. Develops an empirical approach based on a reinterpretation of carrying capacity that can account for technological advances and trade. Discusses the necessity of diverting much of the present consumption to investment in the maintenance of natural capital stocks. (AIM) Website: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ548060

Critical metals in strategic energy technologies [2011]

Description: This is a report detailing supply issues relating to critical metals in low carbon energy technologies. This report examines the use of metals in the six low carbon energy technologies of SET Plan, namely: nuclear, solar, wind, bioenergy, carbon capture and storage (CCS) and electricity grids. The study looks at the average annual demand for each metal for the deployment of the technologies in Europe between 2020 and 2030. The demand of each metal is compared to the respective global production volume in 2010. This ratio (expressed as a percentage) allows comparing the relative stress that the deployment of the six technologies in Europe is expected to create on the global supplies for these different metals. The study identifies 14 metals for which the deployment of the six technologies will require 1% or more (and in some cases, much more) of current world supply per annum between 2020 and 2030. A number of recommendations are provided which include: ensuring that materials used in significant quantities are included in the Raw Materials Yearbook proposed by the Raw Materials Initiative ad hoc Working Group, the publication of regular studies on supply and demand for critical metals, efforts to ensure reliable supply of ore concentrates at competitive prices, promoting R&D and demonstration projects on new lower cost separation processes, particularly those from by product or tailings containing rare earths, collaborating with other countries/regions with a shared agenda of risk reduction, raising awareness and engaging in an active dialogue with zinc, copper and aluminium refiners over by􀍲product recovery, creating incentives to encourage by􀍲product recovery in zinc, copper and aluminium refining in Europe, promoting the further development of recycling technologies and increasing end of life collection, measures for the implementation of the revised WEEE Directive, and investing broadly in alternative technologies. Website: https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/CriticalMetalsinStrategicEnergyTechnologies-def.pdf

Strategic Implementation Plan for the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials

Description: European Commission (2013). Strategic Implementation Plan for the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials. Part II: Priority areas, action areas and actions.

Raw materials critical to the Scottish economy - Annexe A [2011]

Description: Annexe A: Resource prioritisation matrix scoring methodology. The long list of resources at risk were reduced to a subset of twelve priority resources. This was achieved using the matrix approach and criteria that were adopted in the Defra study. Website: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163164/raw_materials_annexes_a_c-f.pdf

Rio Tinto Limited - Our commitment

Description: Rio Tinto are committed to operating their business in a way that delivers lasting benefit to the communities and environments where they work, as well as their shareholders and employees. Data in the form of digarams and text. Website: http://www.riotinto.com/our-commitment-107.aspx

Maritime spatial planning

Description: It's about planning when and where human activities take place at sea – to ensure these are as efficient and sustainable as possible Website: http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/maritime_spatial_planning/index_en.htm

Ukrainian State geological research Institute

Description: For the years passed since the institute establishment UkrSGRI is transformed into one of the major research units of Ukraine enabled to cover actually all needs of the national geology in the fundamental and applied studies.With the highly qualified personnel, at present institute occupies the leading positions by various directions of geological activities and ensuring scientific support to the entire cycle of geological studies for oil and gas, ore and non[1]ore minerals and underground waters. Website: http://ukrdgri.gov.ua/en/

Analytical Tools for Environmental Design and Management in a Systems Perspective. The Combined Use of Analytical Tools

Description: This books aims to link supply and demand of environmental information in the field of Life Cycle Management. It is based on the results of the CHAINET, and aims to bring together interdisciplinary scientists in the field of Life Cycle Management. Website: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781402004537

JRC Raw Materials Information System

Description: This is the website for the JRC Raw Materials Information System (RMIS). This is a website designed to better enable aces to other European minerals information data portals studies and sources of information. This is aimed to provide a structured repository of knowledge on non-energy, non-agricultural raw materials from primary and secondary sources (energy-related raw materials are covered under the JRC SETIS website). Knowledge needs relates to both high-quality data and information. The overarching aim of the RMIS is to help strengthening the competitiveness and visibility of the EU raw materials sector, while promoting green and sustainable growth. The RMIS includes an introduction of the raw materials’ context (with reference to key EU policy documents), a presentation of most relevant ongoing activities related to raw materials at EU-level, as well as links to other relevant initiatives at international level. In addition to satisfying knowledge needs in the area of raw materials within the European Commission, the RMIS is targeted at providing easy-to-access information to a wide range of stakeholders including the extractive industry, manufacturers and material scientists, academia and education, as well as economists and decision makers. This will help to communicate knowledge on raw materials to a larger audience. Website: http://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological guide

Description: This guide presents a framework and practical guidance for establishing material flow accounts and material balances for a whole economy. Material flow accounts and balances, as described in the Introduction, are being compiled in a number of Member States. The guide is a first step towards harmonised terminology, concepts and a set of accounts and tables for compilers at national level. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1798247/6191533/3-Economy-wide-material-flow-accounts...-A-methodological-guide-2001-edition.pdf/9dfae42d-0831-4522-9fe5-571785f8fecf

Global Edge

Description: Created by the International Business Center at Michigan State University, globalEDGE is a knowledge web-portal that connects international business professionals worldwide to a wealth of information, insights and learning resources on global business activities. Website: http://globaledge.msu.edu/

Policy and strategy for raw materials

Description: Overarching webpages on European Union policy and strategy for raw materials, covering both the Raw Materials Initiative and the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/raw-materials/policy-strategy/

Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA) standard for responsible mining IRMA-STD-001

Description: The IRMA Standard for Responsible Mining (the IRMA Standard) is designed to support the achievement of four overarching principles: Business Integrity, Social Responsibility, Environmental Responsibility and Planning and Managing for Positive Legacies. Additionally, each chapter of the IRMA Standard has an objective that meets one or more of these principles. For organizational purposes, chapters are listed under one core principle. It should be noted, however, that most chapters and their objectives are relevant to more than principle. Website: http://www.responsiblemining.net/images/uploads/IRMA_Standard_Draft_v2.0_with_MOV.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - NIOSH Mining

Description: Data collected on accidents, fatal and nonfatal injuries, illnesses, employment and coal production, presented in a mixture of data and charts Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/works/statistics/factsheets/miningfacts2012.html

Eurostat - Material flow accounts - flows in raw material equivalents (RME)

Description: The dataset 'Material flow accounts' in raw material equivalents - modelling estimates (env_ac_rme)' provides model-based estimates, for the aggregate EU economy only, of material flow accounts as extension to the dataset ´Material flow accounts' (env_ac_mfa), also referred to as economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA). Both EW-MFA and material flow accounts in raw material equivalents (MFA-RME) present the flows of natural resources (minerals, metal ores, biomass, fossil energy materials) from the environment into the economy. Both datasets include domestic extraction of materials measured in tonnes of gross ore (or gross harvest). However, in EW-MFA imports and exports are measured in mass weight of the products as they cross country borders. For the derived indicators this implies that they combine data with different underlying measurement concepts. The MFA-RME dataset overcomes this drawback by replacing the material trade flows in mass weight by estimates of the raw material equivalents of the products traded, i.e. how much extraction was needed to produce the traded products. The MFA-RME dataset (env_ac_rme) includes: a) domestic material extraction by material, directly taken from the EW-MFA dataset (env_ac_mfa), b) estimates of the imports and exports in raw material equivalents (RME) c) derived indicators, namely raw material input (RMI) and raw material consumption (RMC). Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/env_ac_rme_esms.htm Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/env_ac_rme

Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy - AusIMM

Description: The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (The AusIMM) was founded in 1893 and provides services to professionals engaged in all facets of the global minerals sector. The AusIMM represents 13 000 members drawn from all sections of the industry and supported by a network of branches and societies in Australasia and internationally. Website: www.ausimm.com.au

Carbon Footprint of Nations

Description: The Database Carbon Footprint of Nations contains footprint data for carbon dioxide emissions per capita, GDP per capita and number of capita per country in the world over the period 1990-2010. The database also contains footprint data for fossil energy use, CO2 emissions, water use and land use per country in the world (total, per capita, per GDP) for the year 2004 The data are based on Multi regional Environmental Extended Input - Output models. Website: http://carbonfootprintofnations.com/

National Statistics Office (Malta)

Description: The National Statistics Office (Malta) publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These include, but are not limited to: labour market; education; population; tourism; prices; transport; environment; and agriculture. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production do not appear to be reported by the National Statistics Office (Malta). Website: https://nso.gov.mt/en/Pages/NSO-Home.aspx

World Steel Association

Description: Worldsteel publishes monthly production statistics for crude steel, direct reduced iron (DRI) and blast furnace iron (BFI). It also publishes factsheets, position papers and reports. Website: http://www.worldsteel.org/

The contemporary anthropogenic silver cycle: A multilevel analysis

Description: Anthropogenic cycling of silver in 1997 is presented using three discrete governmental units:  64 countries encompassing what we believe to be over 90% of global silver flows, 9 world regions, and the entire planet. Using material flow analysis (MFA) techniques, the country level cycles are aggregated to produce the regional cycles, which are used to form a “best estimate” global cycle. Website: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es048319x

NAEN reporting code - Russian Code

Description: Russian Code for the Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (NAEN Code) The NAEN Code sets minimal requirements for Public Reporting by Russian mining and exploration companies. The NAEN Code has been developed in accordance with general criteria adopted by the world mining community, taking into account the Russian State system of subsoil use management, classification and accounting of solid minerals. Website: http://www.crirsco.com/news_items/naen_code.pdf

EMInInn

Description: The European research project EMInInn tracked past development and diffusion through the economy of pervasive innovations that are expected to have had an appreciable positive or negative environmental impact. The aim of the projectwas to generate deeper insights into the role of innovation in decoupling environmental impacts from economic growth, helping policy makers to both assess the benefits from past innovations as well as maximize benefits from present and emerging innovations. Website: http://www.emininn.eu/index.php

G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (Reporting Principles and Standard Disclosures) [2015]

Description: Help reporters prepare sustainability reports for organizations, regardless of their size, sector or location. Developed by a global multi-stakeholder process. Website: https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRIG4-Part1-Reporting-Principles-and-Standard-Disclosures.pdf

DESTATIS

Description: DESTATIS publish numerous, regional and national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These data inlcude, but are not limited to: industry and manufacturing; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; energy; population; education; labour market; and prices. Data relating to mineral resources, reserves and extraction do not seem to be reported by DESTATIS. Website: https://www.destatis.de/EN/Homepage.html

Analysis of existing Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies for use in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).

Description: This document provides an analysis of existing methods for assessing the potential environmental impacts from emissions and resource use that are attributed to specific products in life cycle assessments. The main target audiences include developers of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methods, Life Cycle Assessment practitioners, and other technical experts in policy and business. Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are scientific approaches behind a growing number of modern environmental policies and business decision support in the context of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP). The International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) provides a common basis for consistent, robust and quality assured life cycle data, methods and assessments. These support coherent and reliable business and policy instruments related to products, natural resources, and waste management and their implementation, such as eco-labelling, carbon footprinting, and, green procurement. Website: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/ILCD-Handbook-LCIA-Background-analysis-online-12March2010.pdf

Granta Material Intelligence

Description: This organisation was founded in 1994 as a spin-out from the University of Cambridge with the purpose of helping engineering enterprises to manage information on materials that are essential to their businesses. They have developed a range of tools to assist companies in the development and application of mineral intelligence to enable them to make better decisions on materials, save time and money, and reduce risk. They also provide resources for university educators teaching the next generation of engineers, scientists and industrial designers. Website: https://www.grantadesign.com/

FOREGS - geochemical atlas of Europe

Description: a Eurogeosurveys led project on mapping the geochemistry of Europe. This aims to establish a global geochemical reference baseline for more than 60 determinants in a range of media for environmental and other applications. The European contribution to the programme has been carried out by government institutions from 26 countries under the auspices of the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) The main objectives of this European survey were: 1) to apply standardised methods of sampling, chemical analysis and data management to prepare a geochemical baseline across Europe; and 2) to use this reference network to level national baseline datasets. Samples of stream water, stream sediment and three types of soil (organic top layer, minerogenic top and sub soil) have been collected at nearly 900 stations, each representing a catchment area of 100 km2, corresponding to a sampling density of about one sample per 4700 km2. In addition, the uppermost 25 cm of floodplain sediment was sampled from 750 sites each representing a catchment area of 1000 km2. Website: http://weppi.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/index.php

Life Cycle Inventory database GaBi

Description: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. A quantitative LCA-study requires Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data on technical processes included in the system under study. Mostly such data are collected on a case-by-case basis with the help of the companies involved. In LCI databases process data are often organized around a unit process. A unit process describes the produced goods (economic output), consumed goods (economic input) , emitted substances (environmental output) and consumed resources (environmental input). A produced economic output is economic input of the next process in the chain. In this way unit processes are linked to a cradle-to-grave process chain relevant for a specific product. The GaBi database is a commercial database which provides over 10,000 Life Cycle Inventory results for cradle-to-gate product chains. Data are based on primary data collection from global companies, associations and public bodies. These datasets have been developed from an underlying database of about 30,000 unit process data sets. Website: http://www.gabi-software.com/international/databases/gabi-databases/

World Gold Council

Description: The World Gold Council compiles and reports information about: gold price; supply and demand dynamics; reserves; and global gold production. It also publishes market forecasts and country specific reports. Website: http://www.gold.org/

World Bank, Energy & Extractives Open Data Platform

Description: The Energy & Extractives Open Data Platform is provided by the World Bank Group and is comprised of open datasets relating to the work of the Energy & Extractives Global Practice, including statistical, measurement and survey data from ongoing projects. Website: http://data.worldbank.org/topic/energy-and-mining

The Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment

Description: The Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment (G-BASE) project sets out to map and establish the natural geochemical baseline of the British Isles by collecting stream sediment, water, soil and more recently vegetation samples (at drainage sites) throughout the UK. Beginning in the late 1960s, the primary focus was mineral exploration, however the project has now evolved into a multi-media, high-resolution geochemical survey producing baseline data relevant to many environmental issues. The regional geochemical baseline data is important in order to understand our environment and to measure changes, whether they be natural or man-made. This baseline data of the surface environment also allows us to model the migration of elements and provides a reference point against which we can monitor change. Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/geochemistry/GbaseUK.html

EMIRI - The Energy Materials Industrial Research Initiative

Description: A magazine article for Strategic Energy Technologies Information System (SETIS) group of the European Commission detailing work by the Energy Materials Industrial Research initiative (EMIRI). The article outlines the how low carbon technologies and methods of energy generation are reliant on advanced materials and rare minerals. Technologies such as solar modules, wind turbine blades and batters all relay upon advanced materials which are developed and/or produced in Europe. As such Europe needs to maintain a focus on continued supply of adequate quantities of these materials. The magazine contains interviews with various industry representatives, experts and policy makers as well as outline what materials may be needed for green energy technologies in the gutter and what the supply chain may look like. Website: http://emiri.eu/uploads/content_files/19/value__attachment/EU%20Commission%20SETIS%20Magazine%20-%20February%202015%20-%20Materials%20for%20ENERGY.pdf

Environment data centre on waste - Eurostat

Description: Regular statistics on the production of waste by businesses and private households and its management are needed to monitor implementation of the waste policy within the European Union. These data are collected from EU countries on the basis of the Regulation on waste statistics (2150/2002/EC) and published every two years in line with common methodological recommendations. Moreover, a number of EU Directives have introduced 'producer responsibility' measures – on packaging waste, end-of-life vehicles, batteries and waste electrical and electronic equipment, for example. Data on these waste streams are required to monitor EU countries' compliance with the targets set out in the Directives. Eurostat also collects data on municipal waste generation and management, and on the transboundary shipment of waste. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/waste/main-tables

EU CRM Knowledge base

Description: This is the Website of the SCREEN project that will host a the project data portal. SCRREEN will collect and organise the global knowledge on critical raw materials in Europe into a knowledge data portal that will be easily accessible, without duplicating existing databases. Website: http://scrreen.eu/eu-crm-knowledge-base/

The European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials

Description: The overall objective of the EIP on Raw Materials is to contribute to the 2020 objectives of the EU's Industrial Policy — increasing the share of industry to 20 % of GDP — and the objectives of the flagship initiatives 'Innovation Union' and 'Resource Efficient Europe', by ensuring the sustainable supply of raw materials to the European economy whilst increasing benefits for society as a whole. Website: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/eip-raw-materials/en

An examination of copper contained in international trade flows

Description: This paper describes an analysis of copper contained in international trade ows ranging from concentrate to nished products. The underlying dataset was extracted from the UN COMTRADE database and comprises 365 Harmonised System codes (H0). The data were aggregated to six di erent regions (China, EU28, Latin America, North America, Japan, Rest of the World) and reveal the relative position of these regions in global copper-relevant value chains. The examination based on contained copper as opposed to monetary values provides additional insights into the industrial basis for the economic development of the regions considered. Moreover, the examination of over twenty years of data documents not only China's rise to a dominant manufacturing center but also Latin America's development into the key supplier of copper concentrates and metal. Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13563-016-0087-2

Statistics Sweden

Description: Statistics Sweden publishes national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These datasets inlcude, but are not limited to: housing, construction and building; trade in goods and services; education and research; environment; labour market; population; prices and consumption; and energy. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production are not reported by Statistics Sweden. Website: http://www.scb.se/en/

Congress critical of foot-dragging on critical materials

Description: Robinson A.L. (1986). Congress critical of foot-dragging on critical materials.

London Metal Exchange (LME)

Description: The London Metal Exchange is the world centre for industrial metals trading. The prices discovered on the three trading platforms are used as the global reference price and both the metal and investment communities use the LME to transfer or take on risk, 24 hours a day. The LME publishes a variety of prices and reports covering all contracts traded on the Exchange. Website: https://www.lme.com/

Evaluation von Potenzialgebieten für Hartsteinbrüche der Landschaften von nationaler Bedeutung (BLN) - Schlussbericht

Description: In der Studie wurden Gebiete für Hartsteinbrüche ausserhalb des „Bundesinventars der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler von nationaler Bedeutung“ (BLN) evaluiert und deren grundsätzliche Machbarkeit aus Sicht der Kantone und teilweise auch der Gemeinden geprüft. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt auf der einen Seite eine umfassende fachliche Beurteilung von Hartgesteinsgebieten dar, auf der anderen Seiten zeigt er, welche Gebiete ausserhalb des BLN aus Sicht des Bundes und der Kantone sich für eine weitere Bearbeitung durch die Unternehmungen eignen. Die Kantone haben dabei Bereitschaft gezeigt, diese Gebiete in die kantonale Richtplanung aufzunehmen. Damit ist sichergestellt, dass das Ergebnis dieser neuen Planungsgrundlage – obwohl sie nicht im planungsrechtlichen Sinne verbindlich ist – eine entsprechende Wirkung im Vollzug erreicht. Der Evaluations- und Beurteilungsprozess unterstutzt die Voraussetzungen für eine detailliertere Planung. Ob in den betreffenden Gebieten tatsächlich Hartsteinbruche realisiert werden können, hängt letztlich von der konkreten Planung und der notwendige Akzeptanz bei den Betroffenen ab. Die bestehenden ordentlichen Verfahren werden durch die Planungsgrundlage nicht ersetzt. Website: https://www.are.admin.ch/dam/are/de/dokumente/evaluation_von_potenzialgebietenfuerhartsteinbruechederlandschaf.pdf.download.pdf/evaluation_von_potenzialgebietenfuerhartsteinbruechederlandschaf.pdf

Process knowledge, system dynamics and metal ecology.

Description: Verhoef, E., Dijkema, G. and Reuter, M.A. (2004). Process knowledge, system dynamics and metal ecology.

Germanium distribution in sphalerite from North-East America MVT Deposits: A multiscale study.

Description: Bonnet, J., Mosser-Ruck, R., André-Mayer, A.S., Cauzid, J., Bailly, L. (2014). Germanium distribution in sphalerite from North-East America MVT Deposits: A multiscale study. Acta Geologica Sinica 88, 437-439.

By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply.

Description: Nassar, N.T., Graedel, T.E., Harper, E.M. (2015). By-product metals are technologically essential but have problematic supply.

Energy backcasting: a proposed method of policy analysis

Description: Historic analysis of ‘soft energy’ policy paths. These analyses use an alternative method, called energy backcasting. This involves setting policy goals and then determining how those goals could be met. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301421582900489

Air Pollution in Europe 1997

Description: 'Air Pollution in Europe 1997', which is timed to support new EU policy initiatives in 1997/8, assesses several environmental problems in which air pollution plays a major role. The main focus of the report is on pressures, state and impacts, but information is also provided on the main driving forces that influence the state of the environment Website: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-059-6-sum

3D, 4D and Predictive Modelling of Major Mineral Belts in Europe

Description: This book presents the results of the major EU project Promine. For the first time there is now a European database available on mineral deposits, as well as 3D, 4D and predictive models of major mineral belts in Europe: Fennoscandia (Skellefteå and Vihanti-Pyhäsalmi), the Fore-Sudetic basin (Kupferschiefer deposits in Poland and Germany), the Hellenic belt in northern Greece, and the Iberian Pyrite belt and Ossa Morena zone in Spain and Portugal. The book also describes the modelling techniques applied and how different types of software are used for three- and four-dimensional modelling. Furthermore, fundamental descriptions of how to build the database structure of three-dimensional geological data are provided and both 2D and 3D predictive models are presented for the main mineral belts of Europe. Website: http://www.springer.com/in/book/9783319174273

Future of Manufacturing Project: Evidence Paper 27 Foresight, Government Office for Science, The future impact of materials security on the UK manufacturing industry

Description: This review of existing data has two principal aims. The first is to determine the issues faced by the UK manufacturing industry in the future as a result of possible raw material limitations of supply; the second is to review and assess possible mitigation strategies. Both of these aims are examined for the short term (until 2020) and, where possible, the long term (until 2050). The report concludes with suggestions for action by Government and industry. Website: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283901/ep27-material-security-impact-uk-manufacturing.pdf

European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP)

Description: Report on the balanced and sustainable development of the Territory of the European Union. This report was prepared by the Committee on Spatial Development. This outlines the policy framework for spatial planning in Member States. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/sum_en.pdf

European Union mine waste directive

Description: This details the EU directive for mine waste. In accordance with the objectives of Community policy on the environment, this lays the down minimum requirements in order to prevent or reduce as far as possible any adverse effects on the environment or on human health which are brought about as a result of the management of waste from the extractive industries, such as tailings (i.e. the waste solids or slurries that remain after the treatment of minerals by a number of techniques), waste rock and overburden (i.e. the material that extractive operations move during the process of accessing an ore or mineral body, including during the pre-production development stage), and topsoil (i.e. the upper layer of the ground) provided that they constitute waste as defined in Council Directive 75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste. This Directive covers the management of waste from land-based extractive industries, that is to say, the waste arising from the prospecting, extraction (including the pre‐production development stage), treatment and storage of mineral resources and from the working of quarries. However, such management should reflect the principles and priorities identified in Directive 75/442/EEC, which, in accordance with Article 2(1)(b)(ii) thereof, continues to apply to any aspects of the management of waste from the extractive industries which are not covered by this Directive. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/mining/

Czech Statistical Office

Description: The Czech Statistical Office annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not restricted to: agriculture, construction, crime, culture, education, GDP, healthcare, industry, inflation, population, tourism and labour. It appears that the Czech Statistical Office, with the exception of a few inudstrial and construction minerals, does not directly report mineral production statistics. Website: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/home

Mineral Profile - Niobium - Tantalum

Description: Niobium (NB) and tantalum (Ta) are transition metals with very similar physical and chemical properties, and are thus commonly grouped together. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=2033

Instituto Nacional de Estatistica (Portugal)

Description: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica (Portugal) publishes national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These datasets inlcude, but are not limited to: construction and housing; domestic trade; education; environment; labour market; population; prices; and industry and energy. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production do not seem to be reported by Instituto Nacional de Estatistica (Portugal). Website: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE

International Aluminium Institute

Description: The International Aluminium Institute (IAI) membership represents over 60% of the global bauxite, alumina and aluminium production. Its members include companies engaged in the production of bauxite, alumina, aluminium, the recycling of aluminium or the fabrication of aluminium. The IAI also works closely with national and regional aluminium associations. Its objectives are to increase the market for aluminium; to provide a global forum on matters of common concern; to identify the issues of relevance to the production, use and recycling of aluminium; to encourage continuous progress on health, safety and the environment; to collect statistical and other relevant information and communicate these to stakeholders; and to communicate the views and positions of the industry. Website: http://www.world-aluminium.org/

The contemporary anthropogenic chromium cycle

Description: Chromium is an essential engineering metal used in stainless and alloy steels, chemicals, and refractory products. Using material flow analysis, all major anthropogenic chromium flows are characterized for the year 2000, from mining through discard, on three spatial levels:  fifty-four countries, nine world regions, and the planet. Website: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es060061i

A machine learning approach to geochemical mapping

Description: A peer revied paper in Journal of Geochemical Exploration. Geochemical maps provide invaluable evidence to guide decisions on issues of mineral exploration, agriculture, and environmental health. However, the high cost of chemical analysis means that the ground sampling density will always be limited. Traditionally, geochemical maps have been produced through the interpolation of measured element concentrations between sample sites using models based on the spatial autocorrelation of data (e.g. semivariogram models for ordinary kriging). In their simplest form such models fail to consider potentially useful auxiliary information about the region and the accuracy of the maps may suffer as a result. In contrast, this study uses quantile regression forests (an elaboration of random forest) to investigate the potential of high resolution auxiliary information alone to support the generation of accurate and interpretable geochemical maps. This paper presents a summary of the performance of quantile regression forests in predicting element concentrations, loss on ignition and pH in the soils of south west England using high resolution remote sensing and geophysical survey data. Through stratified 10-fold cross validation we find the accuracy of quantile regression forests in predicting soil geochemistry in south west England to be a general improvement over that offered by ordinary kriging. Concentrations of immobile elements whose distributions are most tightly controlled by bedrock lithology are predicted with the greatest accuracy (e.g. Al with a cross-validated R2 of 0.79), while concentrations of more mobile elements prove harder to predict. In addition to providing a high level of prediction accuracy, models built on high resolution auxiliary variables allow for informative, process based, interpretations to be made. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the ability to map and understand the surface environment with greater accuracy and detail than previously possible by combining information from multiple datasets. As the quality and coverage of remote sensing and geophysical surveys continue to improve, machine learning methods will provide a means to interpret the otherwise-uninterpretable. Website: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/513707/

Critical Metals Handbook

Description: Gunn G., Editor (2014). Critical Metals Handbook. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom. 439 p.

Uncertainty in Material Flow Analysis

Description: Information used in Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is often tainted with uncertainty that is of an epistemic (related to knowledge gaps) rather than stochastic (related to random variability) nature. This paper proposes a method of adressing epistemic uncertainty in MFA reconciliation. Instead of arbitrarily selecting single probability distributions to represent the uncertain variables, available albeit scarce information is coded in the form of possibility distributions (fuzzy sets). The reconciliation problem is then solved using a linear programming method that looks for the most likely set of values that respect mass balances and constraints on parameter memberships. Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2014.920840

European Environment Agency - Land use

Description: The website of the European Environmental Agency provides independent information on land use in the European Union. It has information on land-use planning and management in the context of the environment. It has information on its activities, including landscape and spatial change assessments. Website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse

EUROSTAT Resource productivity (tsdpc100)

Description: Resource productivity is defined as the ratio between gross domestic product (GDP) and domestic material consumption (DMC). The indicator Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) is based on the Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA). The theory of Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) includes compilations of the overall material inputs into national economy, the changes of material stock within the economy and the material outputs to other economies or to the environment. EW-MFA covers all solid, gaseous, and liquid materials, except water and air. Water included in products is included. Domestic material consumption (DMC) measures the total amount of materials directly used by an economy and is defined as the annual quantity of raw materials extracted from the domestic territory of the focal economy, plus all physical imports minus all physical exports. It is important to note that the term 'consumption' as used in DMC denotes apparent consumption and not final consumption. DMC does not include upstream hidden flows (materials that are extracted or moved, but do not enter the economy) related to imports and exports of raw materials and products originating outside of the focal economy. When examining resource productivity trends over time in a single geographic area, the GDP that should be used is in units of Euros in chain-linked volumes to the reference year 2010. If comparisons of resource productivity between countries during one time period are made then the GDP in purchasing power standards should be used and not the chain-linked volume GDP figures. The source data can be found in the Eurostat dissemination database ´Eurobase´. Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/tsdpc100_esmsip.htm Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/tsdpc100

International Nickel Study Group (INSG)

Description: The INSG primarily publishes nickel trade, production and consumption statistics in the form of monthly bulletins and yearbooks. It also publishes: a directory of nickel production facilities, short-term forecasts of nickel production, consumption and market balance; an annual review of new developments in nickel mining, smelting and refining; and an annual compilation of existing or proposed regulations regarding environment, health and safety concerning nickel. Website: http://www.insg.org/index.aspx

Finland - Geological map

Description: Digital version of the geological map of Finland in 1 : 200 000 scale. It contains the major geological units at this scale along with data on the age, startigraphic unit, and rock type. Website: http://gtkdata.gtk.fi/Kalliopera/index.html

ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework

Description: ISO 14040:2006 describes the principles and framework for life cycle assessment (LCA) including: definition of the goal and scope of the LCA, the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) phase, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase, the life cycle interpretation phase, reporting and critical review of the LCA, limitations of the LCA, the relationship between the LCA phases, and conditions for use of value choices and optional elements. Website: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html

EUROSTAT Supply, use and Input-output tables (naio_10)

Description: The consolidated supply, use and input-output tables are used for macro-analysis of the European Union (EU) and euro area economies. The tables give an annual snapshot of overall production and the use of the products, distinguishing 64 NACE activities and 64 products from the CPA. Every year countries transmit the supply and use tables. Every 5 years (for reference years ending with 0 or 5) countries transmit input-output tables (product by product) and detailed use tables at basic prices and valuation tables. Data are presented in million Euro in current prices (basic prices and a transformation into purchaser's prices for the supply side). Supply, use and input-output tables provide detailed information for a given year on production activities, the supply and demand of goods and services, intermediate consumption, primary inputs and foreign trade. 1) Supply and use tables are matrices by product and industry showing the production processes and transactions for particular products or industries. 2) Symmetric input-output tables are product-by-product or industry-by-industry matrices combining both supply and use into a single table with identical classification of products or industries, applied to both rows and columns. SUIOT can be combined with environmental accounts (i.e. National Air emission accounts by activity, EUROSTAT) into Environmetally Extended Input Output Tables that enable environmental assessment of national economies. Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/naio_10_esms.htm Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-supply-use-input-tables/overview

Life Cycle Impact Assessment UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative recommended factors

Description: A Life Cyscle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. Life Cycle Impact assessment (LCIA) is the phase in which the set of results of the Inventory Analysis, mainly the inventory table with emissions and extractions, is further processed and interpreted in terms of environmental impacts and societal preferences. To this end, a list of impact categories (environmental problems) is defined, and models for relating environmental interventions to suitable category indicators for these impact categories are selected. The actual modeling results are calculated in the characterization step, and an optional normalization serves to indicate the share of the modeled results in a worldwide or regional total. The Life Cycle Initiative’s flagship has published guidelines for Life Cycle Impact Assessment, “Global Guidance for Life Cycle Impact Assessment Indicators Volume 1”. The publication identifies the “current best practice”, and recommended characterization factors in a variety of impact areas: •climate change; •health impacts of fine particulate matter; •water use impacts; and •land use impacts on biodiversity. What makes this guidance so unique is the global consensus-building process, and its endorsement by an international partnership. Such robust and international backing should make these indicators especially attractive to be used in policy and reporting frameworks requiring recognition and stability. Website: http://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/applying-lca/lcia-cf/

Creating consolidated and aggregated EU27 Supply, Use and Input- Output Tables, adding environmental extensions (air emissions), and conducting Leontief-type modelling to approximate carbon and other 'footprints' of EU27 consumption for 2000 to 2006

Description: This Eurostat report is the combined result of two projects: the first conducted with the support of JRC-IPTS and the Konstanz University of Applied Sciences focussed on creating consolidated supply and use tables; the second performed by TNO, CML, NTNU and RuG focussed on creating and analysing European environmentally extended Input Output tables. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/Annexes/naio_10_esms_an1.pdf

Mineral Profile - Rare Earth Elements

Description: The rare earth elements (REE)( sometimes referred to as the rare earth metals) are a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements, including the 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1638

Ecospace and the fall and rise of throughput intensity

Description: The biosphere is a complex life support system. The systems and processes that operate in the physical environment provide to society a range of services. This paper discuss the impact of sustainable development on ecosystems. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0921800995000704

National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE)

Description: The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) publishes numerous, national level statisitcal datasets on an annual basis. These include, but are not limited to: economy and national accounts; income and consumption; society; business sector; and environment. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production are not reported by INSEE. Website: https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil

Sustainable Aggregates Planning in South East Europe (SNAP)

Description: The primary objective is to develop a Toolbox for Aggregates Planning to support national/regional, primary and secondary aggregates planning in SEE countries, which will include: SNAP-SEE Vision for a transition to integrated, comprehensive sustainable aggregates planning in SEE; Handbook on Capacity Building and Stakeholder Consultation; Handbook on Data and Analysis Methods; Aggregates Planning Scheme, containing planning modules that embody the principles, approaches and action necessary to achieve the goals of the Vision. Website: http://www.snapsee.eu/

Resource Inventory for known mineral occurrences and historical mine sites

Description: Web-based information system on raw materials in Switzerland (data available between at different time steps between 1907 and 1995): cement industry, brick manufactories, quarries, industriel minerals, energy feedstocks and metal ores. The information system is under development and first data sets are published in the internet. Website: https://map.geo.admin.ch/?X=158672.41&Y=772455.49&zoom=1&lang=de&topic=geol&bgLayer=ch.swisstopo.pixelkarte-grau&layers=ch.swisstopo.geologie-geologischer_atlas,ch.swisstopo.geologie-geocover,ch.swisstopo.geologie-geocover.metadata,ch.swisstopo.geologie-geotechnik-zementindustrie_1995&layers_opacity=1,0,0,1&catalogNodes=1786,1828,1787,1799,1842&layers_visibility=false,false,false,true

Metal stocks in society - Scientific Synthesis

Description: The continued increase in the use of metals over the twentieth century has led to a substantial shift from geological resource base to metal stocks in society. This report reviews the relevant literature on this topic. From a compilation of 54 studies, it is clear that a reasonably detailed picture of in-use stocks and in-use lifetimes exists for only five metals: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Limited data suggest that per capita in-use stocks in more developed countries typically exceed those in less-developed countries by factors of five to ten. Reliable data on metals stocks in society and their lifetimes are essential for building a global recycling infrastructure in the future. This report is a rewritten and enhanced version based on M. D. Gerst and T. E. Graedel, Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 7038 – 7045, 2008. Parts of it were developed at a workshop held August 15 – 16, 2008. The lead author of this report is T.E. Graedel and it was edited by the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, Working Group on the Global Metal Flows. Website: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8438

Life Cycle Inventory database UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - OpenLCA Nexus

Description: OpenLCA Nexus is an online repository for LCA data. It combines data offered by world-leading LCA data providers such as PE International (GaBi databases), the ecoinvent centre (ecoinvent), or the Joint Research Centre from the European Commission (ELCD). This website contains a powerful search engine for LCA data that allows filtering requested data sets by database, or by year, geographical location, by industrial sector, and by product and price. Nexus contains free and “for purchase” data sets. Website: http://www.lifecycleinitiative.org/

Tellus - Ireland

Description: Tellus is using harmonised, systematic surveying techniques across entire regions of the island of Ireland, producing seamless maps for a variety of end-users. The coupling of airborne geophysics and ground-based geochemistry provides a richness of data which puts Ireland amongst the top countries in the world for the quality, breadth and availability of geoscience information. Website: http://www.tellus.ie/

Material Security: ensuring resource availability for the UK economy

Description: REKTN (2008). Material Security: ensuring resource availability for the UK economy.

Environmental Risk Assessment; Approaches, Experiences and Information Sources

Description: This publication provides guideline on environmental risk assessment, with assoicated examples. The publication was brought together to increase the accessibility to approaches, experiences and information sources. It gives an overview of the methods for, and application of, environemntal risk assessemnt in the EU. It examines the basic concepts applicable to all environmental risk assessments, ecological risk assessments, and industrial appliations of risk assessment. Website: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/GH-07-97-595-EN-C2

Raw materials critical to the Scottish economy [2011]

Description: This work for the Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental research (SNIFFER) builds upon information collated as part of Defra’s Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Evidence Programme. In particular it draws heavily upon earlier work by AEA contained in a Defra report “Future Resource Risks” which explores the issues of resource scarcity and risks from the perspective of the challenges for the UK economy. Website: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/163165/raw_materials_final_project_report.pdf

CREEA - Compiling and Refining Environmental and Economic Accounts

Description: Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. Booklet contains the total global environmental footprint – encompassing the carbon, water, land and material consumption footprint of various countries – has been compiled using one detailed, consistent and comprehensive global economic-environmental database. Website: http://www.creea.eu/download

Substance dossier for the recovery of gold from selected waste compared to primary production

Description: More and more resources are needed to meet the growing global demand for raw materials. The extraction and use of naturally occurring materials (such as sand, gravel or natural stones, but also copper, rare earth elements or gold) is associated with economic growth and prosperity but on the one hand, it also leads to major environmental damage and the progressive depletion of high-quality geological mineral deposits as well as an increase of anthropogenic (man-made) waste streams and land filling of materials. One of the major waste management objectives is the recovery of raw materials from urban stocks (infrastructures, buildings and equipment stock) and waste. This conserves resources and reduces the impact on the environment. Website: http://www.awel.zh.ch/dam/baudirektion/awel/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/abfall/dokumente/urban_mining_stoffdossiers/stoffdossiers_englisch/awel_gold_a3_en.pdf.spooler.download.1422525331156.pdf/awel_gold_a3_en.pdf

Geological map of Croatia

Description: 1:300000 geological map of Croatia. This GIS allows different age rocks to be displayed/not displayed. The GIS also contains information on the location of samples, minerals and fossils. Website: http://www.hgi-cgs.hr/data/geologija-hrvatske.htm#karta

Copper statistics (II)

Description: Chilean Copper Commission (Cochilco) database on Copper providing data on (spot and future) 'prices' for copper, Gold, Silver, Molybdenum/Palladium, Selenium from LME (London Metal Exchange) and COMEX (Commodity Exchange), on 'copper's exchange inventories' from LME, COMEX and SHFE (Shanghai Futures Exchange), on 'exchange-traded copper contracts' from LME and COMEX, on 'copper futures and options: LME volume and open interests' from LME and on 'global copper, molybdenum, gold and silver production'. Website: http://www.cochilco.cl:4040/boletin-web/

European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR)

Description: The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) is the Europe-wide register that provides easily accessible key environmental data from industrial facilities in European Union Member States and in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Serbia and Switzerland. It replaced and improved upon the previous European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER). The new register contains data reported annually by more than 30,000 industrial facilities covering 65 economic activities across Europe. For each facility, information is provided concerning the amounts of pollutant releases to air, water and land as well as off-site transfers of waste and of pollutants in waste water from a list of 91 key pollutants including heavy metals, pesticides, greenhouse gases and dioxins for years 2007 onwards. Some information on releases from diffuse sources is also available and will be gradually enhanced. Website: http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/home

Knowledge Impact Strategies (Kimpact) - Report on Corporate Social Responsibility in Resource Mining

Description: Project created to identify resource mining companies in Canada that invest in social responsibility, particular focus on investments in childhood development. Report contains survey data with graphs. Website: http://www.kimpact.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/AREVA-Report-KBloom-7-July.pdf

Finland - Geochemical baselines

Description: GTK’s ‘Geochemical baselines’ map service calculates regional geochemical baselines in soil on the basis of concentration observations saved in a database. In addition to GTK, observations have been made by a number of other information suppliers, such as other research institutes and consulting agencies. Website: http://gtkdata.gtk.fi/tapir/indexEN.html

Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) definiton standard [2010]

Description: The CIM Definition Standards on Mineral Resources and Reserves establish definitions and guidelines for the reporting of exploration information, mineral resources and mineral reserves in Canada. On November 14, 2004 and November 27, 2010, CIM Council adopted an update to the CIM Definition Standards to reflect the more detailed guidance available and effect certain editorial changes required to maintain consistency with current regulations. Website: http://web.cim.org/UserFiles/File/CIM_DEFINITON_STANDARDS_Nov_2010.pdf

Statistics Belgium

Description: Statistics Belgium annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not restricted to: agricukture, construction, education, GDP, healthcare, population, energy, environment and labour. It appears that Statistics Belgium does not directly report mineral production statistics, but links to PRODCOM datasets on the EuroStat database. Website: http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/statistiques/chiffres/

Mineral Profile - Lithium

Description: Lithium is a silvery-white to grey alkali metal with a metallic lustre when fresh, but it is also highly reactive and in air quickly tarnishes to a dull silver-grey and then black. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=3100

Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic

Description: The Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These include, but are not limited to: business statistics; social statistics; environemntal statistics; and macroeconomic statistics. Only limited data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production are reported by the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Website: https://slovak.statistics.sk

Geologische Bundesansalt (Austria)

Description: The Geological Survey of Austria (GBA) is the largest geoscientific research center in Austria. The task of Geological Survey of Austria is to study and document the geology of the country systematically, continuously and overall Website: https://www.geologie.ac.at/services/webapplikationen/geofast/iris-interaktives-rohstoffinformationssystem/

Stoffdossier zur Rückgewinnung von SEM aus ausgewählten Abfällen im Vergleich zur Primärproduktion

Description: Die Rückgewinnung von SEM ist bezüglich Umweltbelastung, Treibhausgas-Emissionen und Primärenergieverbrauch vorteilhafter als die primäre Produktion. Durch die Gewinnung in nur wenigen Ländern, vor allem in China, ist eine Abhängigkeit von diesen Produzenten vorhanden. Es gibt eine Reihe von Ansätzen um das Versorgungsrisiko von «kritischen» Elementen wie den SEM zu verringern. Website: http://www.awel.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/rohstoffe/urban_mining_potentialbetrachtung/_jcr_content/contentPar/downloadlist_2/downloaditems/418_1422526342918.spooler.download.1422525073314.pdf/awel_sem_a3.pdf

European Steel Association (Eurofer)

Description: The European Steel Association (Eurofer) represents 100% of the steel production within the European Union. Its members are steel companies and national steel federations. Major steel companies and national steel federations in Switzerland and Turkey are associate members. The organisation's website includes information about how steel is made, related policies and their implications, facts and figures, news and events relating to steel. Website: http://www.eurofer.org/

Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An Input-Output Approach

Description: This paper was presented at the International Symposium on Environmental Disruption in the Modern World, Japan 1970. It discusses the use of input-output analysis in understanding the environmental impacts of economic growth. Website: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1926294?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

United States Geological Survey, Country Statistics

Description: Annual review designed to provide statistical data on mineral commodities in various countries. Production, resources/reserves for some countries Website: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/

International Reporting Template for the public reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves, (CRIRSCO) November 2013

Description: The International Template for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves integrates the minimum standards being adopted in national reporting codes worldwide with recommendations and interpretive guidelines for the Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The definitions in this edition of the International Reporting Template are either identical to, or not materially different from those definitions used in the countries represented on the CRIRSCO committee. Website: http://www.crirsco.com/templates/international_reporting_template_november_2013.pdf

Kritische Rohstoffe für Deutschland

Description: Erdmann L., Behrendt S., Feil M. (2011). Kritische Rohstoffe für Deutschland. „Identifikation aus Sicht deutscher Unternehmen wirtschaftlich bedeutsamer mineralischer Rohstoffe, deren Versorgungslage sich mittel- bis langfristig als kritisch...

Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy. Report in brief.

Description: National Research Council of the National Academies (2007). Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy. Report in brief.

GSI - geological Survey of Ireland online data viewer

Description: GSI's online geodata portal including: Minerals, geological mapping, boreholes, hydrogeology and marine data. The data in this Viewer incorporates data from many National Projects and Programmes : INFOMAR, Bedrock Mapping, Quaternary, Groundwater etc. Website: http://dcenr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=a30af518e87a4c0ab2fbde2aaac3c228

An introduction to geological structures and maps

Description: An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps is a concise and accessible textbook providing simple structural terminology and map problems which introduce geological structures. It is a perfect introduction to mapping for students of geology, engineering geology and civil engineering. Each topic is explained and illustrated by figures, and exercises follow on successive maps. If students are unable to complete an exercise, they can read on to obtain more specific instructions on how theory may be used to solve the problem. An appendix at the end of the book provides the solutions. This new, eighth edition contains simplified introductory matter to make the subject as easy to grasp as possible. Colour photographs illustrating geological structures bring the subject to life and a new map from the British Geological Survey illustrates a real area. There is more on outcrop patterns, which will help students to think in 3D, and on structures and the relationship of topography to geological structure. Cliff sections have been added to reinforce the concept of apparent dip. The section on planetary geology has been more closely tied to igneous geology to aid understanding of the connection between the two. Finally, a new map on economic geology has been added for the benefit of engineering students. Website:

Recycling rates of metals - A Status Report

Description: The recycling of metals is widely viewed as a fruitful sustainability strategy, but little information is available on the degree to which recycling is actually taking place. This report provides an overview on the current knowledge of recycling rates for sixty metals Website: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8702

Lundin Mining Corporation

Description: Lundin Mining is a diversified base metals producer. Their corporate goals to conduct their business activities ethically and transparently. Data in the form of annual reports containing text, diagrams and tables. Website: http://www.lundinmining.com/s/CorpResponsibility.asp

Slovakian geological survey on line data portal

Description: Map portal - Geologial Maps, Geophysical Maps, Educational Geology, Atlases, Thematic Applications, Geofond Registries Website: http://infoportal.geology.sk/web/guest/uvod

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Standard 2016

Description: The EITI Standard is an international standard that ensures transparency around countries’ oil, gas and mineral resources. When implemented, the EITI ensures more transparency in how the country’s natural resources are governed, and full disclosure of government revenue from its extractive sectors. Website: https://eiti.org/files/english_eiti_standard_0.pdf

Factsheet sand and gravel

Description: Fact sheet on use, appearance, health hazard, environmental impact, stock flow and economic aspects of sand and gravel in Switzerland Website: http://neros.ch/wp-content/uploads/NEROS_Factsheet_Kies.pdf

Geology of Britain Viewer

Description: an online viewer for the British Geological Survey's geological mapping data at 1:625000, 1:250000 and 1:50000 scale. Also includes access to some of BGS's 3D models for selected areas and access to borehole log scans Website: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html

SME guide for reporting exploration results, mineral resources and mineral reserves - 2014

Description: The Guide is recommended as a minimum standard for reporting Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for public and private purposes. Website: http://www.smenet.org/docs/publications/2014_SME_Guide_Reporting_%20June_10_2014.pdf

National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova, Industry Statistics

Description: Industrial production statistics covers short - term and annual indicators on industrial production in value and physical expression, as well as their evolution. Industrial activities are represented in Section B “ Mining and quarrying ”, Section C “Processing Industry” and Section D“ Production and supply of electricity, heat, steam,hotwater and air conditioning”, E “Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities” of the Classifier of Activities in Moldova Economy (CAEMrev.2 -Clasificatorul Activităţilor Economice a Moldovei in Romanian)harmonized to the European standard NACE Rev. 2. The statistical data on industrial production are developed based on statistical surveys of enterprises dealing with industry, as their main activity, covering: •monthly in 2016 - enterprises with 20 employees and over – exhaustively and enterprises with 4-19 employees – via a random sample; •annually for 2015 – all enterprises which carry out industrial activities, including secondary activities Website: http://statbank.statistica.md/pxweb/pxweb/en/40%20Statistica%20economica/?rxid=b2ff27d7-0b96-43c9-934b-42e1a2a9a774

UNFC

Description: UNECE has developed the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC). The UNFC is a universally acceptable and internationally applicable scheme for the classification and reporting of all energy and mineral resources and currently the only classification in the world to do so. Activities to promote and further develop this global initiative are undertaken by the Expert Group on Resource Classification (EGRC). Website: http://www.unece.org/energywelcome/unfc-and-resource-classification.html

The Morphological Approach to Discovery, Invention, Research and Construction. In: Zwicky F., Wilson A.G. (eds) New Methods of Thought and Procedure. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

Description: Applications of the morphological methods of the total field coverage, of negation and construction, of the morphological box and others to technical problems in particular and to human problems in general are described Website: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-87617-2_14

Environmental Impact of the use of Natural Resources and Products

Description: The overall aim of this project is to make recommendations for the use of an aggregated environmental impact indicator, or set of indicators, at the Eurostat Datacenter for Natural Resources. The indicator(s) should be based on Environmental Accounting methods and existing statistical data, and should enable etablishing clear links to other pillars of sustainable development. Website: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/publications/eurostat_indicators_final_report_version_141009.pdf

Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine

Description: Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine is a central executive authority activity of which is governed and coordinated by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.Ministry of Ecology and Natural resources operates in the field of environmental protection, ecological safety, treatment of waste, hazardous chemicals, pesticides and agricultural chemicals and perform state ecological expertise.The Ministry is entitled in the area of atmospheric air, preservation of ozone layer, restoration and protection of flora and fauna, restoration and protection of lands, restoration and protection of water resources (surface, ground, sea waters), efficient usage of water resources.Moreover, Ministry ensures legal and regulatory governing of the water management and land reclamation, geological study and efficient usage of mineral resources, as well as performs state supervision on the fulfillment of the requirements of the environment legislation. Website: http://eng.menr.gov.ua/

The South African code for the reporting of exploration results, mineral resources and mineral reserves (SAMREC)

Description: The South African Code for the Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves (the SAMREC Code) sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in South Africa The definitions in this edition of the SAMREC Code are either identical to, or not materially different from, those existing standard definitions published in the CRIRSCO Reporting Template 2013. The Code is applicable to the reporting of all styles of solid mineralisation or economic deposit. Certain commodities, namely coal, diamonds/gemstones and industrial minerals, have specific additional reporting requirements and these are dealt with from Clause 48 onwards. The Code does not apply to oil, gas or water. The South Africa Oil and Gas Code (SAMOG) is applicable for oil and gas. Website: http://www.samcode.co.za/samcode-ssc

Directive 2011/65/EU on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in WEEE

Description: Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment Text with EEA relevance.

REACH Directive

Description: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC.

Substitution of critical raw materials in low-carbon technologies

Description: Pavel C., Marmier A., Alves Dias P., Blagoeva D., Tzimas E., Schüler D., Schleicher T., Jenseit W., Degreif S.,, Buchert M. (2016). Substitution of critical raw materials in low-carbon technologies: lighting, wind turbines and electric vehicles.

Mindat

Description: Mindat.org has been running since October 2000 with the aim of building and sharing information about minerals, their properties and where they are found. It is now the world's largest public database of mineral information with an army of worldwide volunteers adding and verifying new information daily. Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, not-for-profit organization Website: http://www.mindat.org/stats.php

Report of Critical Raw Materials for the EU [2014]

Description: Although raw materials are essential for the EU economy, growth and jobs their availability is increasingly under pressure. Within the framework of the EU Raw Materials Initiative, it was decided to assess a number of raw materials at least every three years with a view to establish a list of raw materials at EU level that are deemed critical. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/10010/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native

Scrreen

Description: This is the website of the EU ‘SCREEN’ project. This began in December 2016 and has yet to report. This has the objectives of establishing an EU Expert Network that covers the whole value chain for present and future critical raw materials. This network will be set up as a permanent forum for policy-makers, industry and society who are interested or are involved in raw materials. SCRREEN will look into approaches that ensure the viability and sustainability of the network after the project ends to make it a long-lasting structure. The study will analyse pathways and barriers for innovation, and identify the solutions for overcoming these barriers. These should enable technology breakthroughs, substitution options, new resources (primary, secondary, urban mines) etc. The regulatory, policy and economic framework will also be studied for the development of these technologies; identify related gaps/barriers and limitations; and propose ways to move forward, while looking at end of life issues, especially for waste electrical and electronic equipment or waste batteries. The objective is to lift barriers and ultimately boost the creation of new markets in Europe, inducing job and wealth creation. Website: http://scrreen.eu/eu-crm-knowledge-base/

Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure

Description: This report from the Panel, Metal Recycling - Opportunities, Limits, Infrastructure, provides unrivalled science to inform policy makers about how the recycling of metals can be optimized on an economic and technological basis along product life cycles in the move towards sustainable metals management. Website: http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8423

Eurostat

Description: Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union situated in Luxembourg. Its mission is to provide high quality statistics for Europe. While fulfilling its mission, Eurostat promotes the following values: respect and trust, fostering excellence, promoting innovation, service orientation, professional independence. Providing the European Union with statistics at European level that enable comparisons between countries and regions is a key task. Democratic societies do not function properly without a solid basis of reliable and objective statistics. On one hand, decision-makers at EU level, in Member States, in local government and in business need statistics to make those decisions. On the other hand, the public and media need statistics for an accurate picture of contemporary society and to evaluate the performance of politicians and others. Of course, national statistics are still important for national purposes in Member States whereas EU statistics are essential for decisions and evaluation at European level. Statistics can answer many questions. Is society heading in the direction promised by politicians? Is unemployment up or down? Are there more CO2 emissions compared to ten years ago? How many women go to work? How is your country's economy performing compared to other EU Member States? International statistics are a way of getting to know your neighbours in Member States and countries outside the EU. They are an important, objective and down-to-earth way of measuring how we all live. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Seismic methods in mineral exploration

Description: a peer reviewed paper in the journal Geophysics. Due to high metal prices and increased difficulties in finding shallower deposits, the exploration for and exploitation of mineral resources is expected to move to greater depths. Consequently, seismic methods will become a more important tool to help unravel structures hosting mineral deposits at great depth for mine planning and exploration. These methods also can be used with varying degrees of success to directly target mineral deposits at depth. We review important contributions that have been made in developing these techniques for the mining industry with focus on four main regions: Australia, Europe, Canada, and South Africa. A wide range of case studies are covered, including some that are published in the special issue accompanying this article, from surface to borehole seismic methods, as well as petrophysical data and seismic modelling of mineral deposits. At present, high-resolution 2D surveys mostly are performed in mining areas, but there is a general increasing trend in the use of 3D seismic methods, especially in mature mining camps. Website: http://africaarray.psu.edu/publications/pdfs/Malehmir%20et%20al%20-%20Geophysics,%202012%20-%20Seismic%20methods%20-%20Overview.pdf

Statistics Finland

Description: Statistics Finland publish numerous national level statistical datasets on amostly annual basis. Theses datsets inlcude, but are not limited to: agriculture, forestry and fishery; construction; education; energy; environemnt and natural resources; health; labour; population; prices and costs; trade; and transport and tourism. It appears that Statistics Finland, does not directly report mineral production statistics. Website: http://tilastokeskus.fi/index.html

Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the Access to secondary raw materials (scrap iron, recycled paper etc)

Description: On 13 July 2010, the European Economic and Social Committee acting under Article 29(2) of its Rules of Procedure, decided to draw up an own-initiative opinion on the Access to secondary raw materials (scrap iron, recycled paper, etc.). Website: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/eip-raw-materials/en/system/files/ged/6%20ces-ccmi-078_en.pdf

Black Swan – The Impact of the Highly Improbable

Description: This book is the first proposing the black swan theory - where rare and unpredictible events can have extreme impacts, but humans have a tendency to find simplistic explanations for those events retrospectively. Website:

Statistics Austria

Description: Statistics Austria annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not limted to: people and society (population, labour, health and education); economy (agriculture, trade, prices and tourism); energy, enivronment, innovation and mobility (energy, transport and research & development). It appears that Statistics Austria does not report mineral production statistics. Website: https://www.statistik.at/web_en/statistics/index.html

European Commission - Natura 2000

Description: Rare natural habitat sites protected in their own right that offer a haven to Europe's most valuable and threatened species and habitats - on-line tool that presents all Natura 2000 sites, provides key information on species and habitats for which each site has been designated, data on their estimated population size, conservation status and allows for various searches. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/seminars_en.htm

UK Mineral reconnaissance programme reports

Description: downloads of 146 reports on the mineral portal of a range of areas across the UK. The Mineral Reconnaissance Programme (MRP) provided geological, geochemical, geophysical, mineralogical and metallogenic information on prospective areas in Britain. Work was carried out at various scales, from regional reconnaissance surveys or appraisal, to the drilling of a geochemical or geophysical anomaly. Projects were multi–disciplinary, and used a combination of tried and tested methods, together with innovative techniques arising from research and development programmes. By the end of the Programme in 1997, 146 MRP reports had been issued covering localities across the UK. Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/exploration/potential/mrp.html

A Research Agenda for Improving National Footprint Accounts

Description: A peer revied paper in the journal Ecological Economics. Nation-level Ecological Footprint accounts are currently produced for more than 150 nations, with multiple calculations available for some nations. The data sets that result from these national assessments typically serve as the basis for Footprint calculations at smaller scales, including those for regions, cities, businesses, and individuals. Global Footprint Network's National Footprint Accounts, supported and used by more than 70 major organizations worldwide, contain the most widely used national accounting methodology today. The National Footprint Accounts calculations are undergoing continuous improvement as better data becomes available and new methodologies are developed. In this paper, a community of active Ecological Footprint practitioners and users propose key research priorities for improving national Ecological Footprint accounting. For each of the proposed improvements, we briefly review relevant literature, summarize the current state of debate, and suggest approaches for further development. The research agenda will serve as a reference for a large scale, international research program devoted to furthering the development of national Ecological Footprint accounting methodology. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180090800298X

European Technology Platform on Sustainable Mineral Resources

Description: Conglomerate of organisations looking at the value chain of minerals and derivative products. the group produces policy documents on securing a sustainable raw materials supply base for Europe for the European Union's Mineral Policy, the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials. Website: http://www.etpsmr.org/?page_id=29

Future Studies using Morphological Analysis

Description: Morphological Analysis method is a qualitative approach investigating a set of relationships in non-quantifiable socio-technical issues. In futures studies context, it is applied as a tool for developing scenarios. Website: http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/futures.pdf

Mineral Resource Estimation

Description: This is a book describing mineral resource estimation. Mineral resource estimation has changed considerably in the past 25 years: geostatistical techniques have become commonplace and continue to evolve; computational horsepower has revolutionized all facets of numerical modelling; mining and processing operations are often larger; and uncertainty quantification is becoming standard practice. Recent books focus on historical methods or details of geostatistical theory. So there is a growing need to collect and synthesize the practice of modern mineral resource estimation into a book for undergraduate students, beginning graduate students, and young geologists and engineers. It is especially fruitful that this book is written by authors with years of relevant experience performing mineral resource estimation and with years of relevant teaching experience. This comprehensive textbook and reference fills this need. Website: http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9781402057168

BGS Directory of Mines and Quarries

Description: This edition of the Directory contains information on operational mineral sites in the UK during the period 2013–2014. Details of minerals produced or handled, geological formations worked, location and operator contact information are provided. These can be used for many purposes and are listed in a convenient form, firstly by Commodity (e.g. Natural Gas, Sandstone and Limestone), then by Mineral Planning Authority, and thirdly by Operator (where known). Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/dmq.html

Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological guide

Description: This guide presents a framework and practical guidance for establishing material flow accounts and material balances for a whole economy. Material flow accounts and balances, as described in the Introduction, are being compiled in a number of Member States. The guide is a first step towards harmonised terminology, concepts and a set of accounts and tables for compilers at national level. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1798247/6191533/3-Economy-wide-material-flow-accounts...-A-methodological-guide-2001-edition.pdf/9dfae42d-0831-4522-9fe5-571785f8fecf

Central Bureau of Statistics (Netherlands)

Description: The Central Bureau of Statistics (Netherlands) publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These inlcude, but are not limited to: labour market; education; population; prices; transport; nature and environment; manufacturing; and agriculture. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production do not appear to be reported by the Central Bureau of Statistics (Netherlands). Website: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb

Mineral Profile - Uranium

Description: Uranium is a naturally occurring, very dense, metallic element with an average abundance in the Earth’s crust of about 3 ppm (parts per million). Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1409

Guidelines for quantitative risk assessment

Description: This report documents the methods to calculate the risks due to dangerous substances in the Netherlands. It is in two parts, part 1 that describes the methods of calculating the risks of stationaty installations. Part 2 that describes the calculation of the risks connected to the transport of dangerous goods. Website: http://content.publicatiereeksgevaarlijkestoffen.nl/documents/PGS3/PGS3-1999-v0.1-quantitative-risk-assessment.pdf

Global Material Flows database UNEP - CSIRO

Description: Database compiled by a global consortium of leading research institutes to establish the first authoritative global database covering: •material extraction •trade in primary materials and •material footprint of consumption. The Global Materials Flows database encompasses 40 years (1970–2010) of data from every country in the world. Website: http://environmentlive.unep.org/material

Fennoscandia Mineral Deposits

Description: a database of metallic mines, deposits and occurrences in Fennoscandia. The Fennoscandian metallogenic map shows the extent of presently known metallogenic areas. They are defined by the presence of metal mines, deposits, favourable bedrock geology, and by indications from geophysical and geochemical surveys. The following metals are included: Ag, Au, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, REE, Sc, Sn, Ta, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Zn and Zr. The potential for exploration and mining is expressed by two types of areas: ‘Areas of good exploration potential’ include most of the known occurrences, past and present mines, and bedrock assumed to contain more deposits. Areas with the ‘highest potential for new discoveries’ are specifically indicated within these domains Website: http://gtkdata.gtk.fi/fmd/

Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

Description: The Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia publish numerous, national level statistical datsets on an annual basis. These data sets inlcude, but are not limited to: agriculture, forestry and fishing; environment and energy; science and technology; population and social processes (e.g. health and education); and industry, construction and housing. Industrial production volumes are reproted inline with NACE 2 divisions. Website: http://www.csb.gov.lv/en

Ecological Footprint Standards 2009

Description: These Ecological Footprint Standards 2009 are designed to ensure that Footprint assessments are produced consistently and according to community-proposed best practices. The Standards cover both Footprint analysis and communication and are designed to apply to all sub-national Footprint studies, including sub-national populations, products, and organizations. These Standards can be used to certify Reports, defined as discrete documents that include Ecological Footprint data and/or interpretation. The Standards enable consistent evaluation of the accuracy, completeness, and transparency of these documents. In their current form, the Standards are not intended to certify or validate analytical methods, tools, or software. The final Reports that result as outputs from these methods or tools, however, can be reviewed under the scope of these Standards. Website: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/content/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Standards_2009.pdf

Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA), Compilation Guide

Description: The general purpose of economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) is to describe the interaction of the domestic economy with the natural environment and the rest of the world economy in terms of flow of materials (excluding water and air). In Eurostat's EW-MFA material outputs and inputs to the economy, cover extractions of materials from the natural environment, imports and exports of material goods with the rest of the world. Only flows crossing the system boundary (between the environment and the economy) on the inputside or on the output-side are counted. Material flows within the economy are not represented in EW-MFA. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1798247/6191533/2013-EW-MFA-Guide-10Sep2013.pdf/54087dfb-1fb0-40f2-b1e4-64ed22ae3f4c

European Agency for Safety and Health at Work

Description: They work to make European workplaces safer, healthier and more productive, for the benefit of business, employees and governments - a database of relevant articles Website: https://osha.europa.eu/en/search/site?search_block_form=Mining&op=Search

Environmental indicators: Typology and overview

Description: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the EEA ‘Typology of indicators’ and the DPSIR framework (Driving forces, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) used by the European Environment Agency in its reporting activities. This report should help policy-makers to understand the meaning of the information in indicator reports. In addition, we hope the paper will be useful in helping to define common standards for future indicator reports from the EEA and its member states. Website: http://ilm.geogr.uni-jena.de/fileadmin/Geoinformatik/projekte/brahmatwinn/Workshops/FEEM/Indicators/EEA_tech_rep_25_Env_Ind.pdf

Eurostat PRODCOM data

Description: Prodcom provides statistics on the production of manufactured goods. The term comes from the French 'PRODuction COMmunautaire' (Community Production) for mining, quarrying and manufacturing: sections B and C of the Statistical Classification of Economy Activity in the European Union (NACE 2). Prodcom uses the product codes specified on the Prodcom List, which contains about 3900 different types of manufactured products. Products are identified by an 8-digit code: the first four digits are the classification of the producing enterprise given by the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) and the first six correspond to the CPA the remaining digits specify the product in more detail Most product codes correspond to one or more Combined Nomenclature (CN) codes, but some (mostly industrial services) do not Website: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-066341_QID_-47D72158_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=INDICATORS,C,X,0;DECL,L,Y,0;PRCCODE,B,Z,0;PERIOD,L,Z,1;&zSelection=DS-066341PERIOD,200952;DS-066341PRCCODE,07101000;&rankName1=PRCCODE_1_0_-1_2&rankName2=DECL_1_0_0_1&rankName3=INDICATORS_1_0_0_0&rankName4=PERIOD_1_0_-1_2&sortR=ASC_-1_FIRST&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=ROLLING&lang=en

Australian junior exploration floats, 2001-06, and their implications for IPOs

Description: A peer revied paper in the journal 'Resources policy'. An analysis of 179 junior exploration floats, listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) between July 2001 and June 2006, helped to build a basic understanding of the strategy and business structure of these companies. The “typical” junior explorer raised A$4 million at initial public offering (IPO) to finance a 2-year, mainly greenfields exploration program. The capital raised at IPO entitled its investors to approximately half of the company, with the balance in the hands of the promoters, vendors and/or seed capital investors. Of the A$4 million raised at IPO, it intended to spend approximately two-thirds on exploration, while the remainder was absorbed in corporate overheads and the costs of the IPO. Once these were paid, ongoing corporate overheads averaged approximately 28% of its total operational expenditure. However, given an average total annual expenditure of approximately A$2.6 million, most juniors held insufficient capital reserves to meet operational costs beyond a time frame of 2 years. As at October 2006, 9% of the companies were in the process of mine construction, whereas 6% had made it to producer status. The lead time from listing to production ranged from 1.5 to 53 months, giving a median of 28 months. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420707000530

Map of the Mineral resources of Cyprus

Description: A geological map of Cyprus that includes all the exploitable mineral resources of Cyprus. The map of mineral resources of Cyprus includes old and recent data about the quarrying and mining activity. Website: http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/gsd/gsd.nsf/All/A4CC56B117DB3F68C225744E002209EA/$file/MineralEN.jpg?OpenElement

Statista - The Statistics Portal

Description: Statista.com is one of the first statistic portals in the world to integrate data on over 80,000 topics from over 18,000 sources onto a single professional platform. Categorized into 21 market sectors, Statista.com provides companies, business customers, research institutions, and the academic community with direct access to quantitative data on media, business, finance, politics, and a wide variety of other areas of interest or markets. Website: https://www.statista.com/aboutus/

Directory of Geoscience Organizations of the World 2017

Description: This directory includes the contact information of major government/quasi-government organizations relating to geological surveys and earth scientific researches as of the end of 2016 Website: https://www.gsj.jp/en/gsj-link/directory/

EORA MRIO

Description: The Eora multi-region input-output table (MRIO) database provides a time series of high resolution IO tables with matching environmental and social satellite accounts for 187 countries (to 190 in some datasets) Website: http://worldmrio.com/

Future subjunctive: backcasting as social learning

Description: Backcasting is a normative method used in future studies to analyse pathways (scenarios) to a preferred future. The paper discusses the Georgia Basin Futures Project focused on modeling, scenario analysis and community management. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328703000399

JRC European Commission FOR-LEARN webpage: Online Foresight Guide

Description: FOR-LEARN Foresight guide is a product of the FOR-LEARN project developed in the 6th Framework Programme by the Joint Research Centre (IPTS). It is available through a web portal providing foresight knowledge guiding users through relevant aspects of designing a foresight exercise Website: http://forlearn.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.htm

UK3D

Description: The bedrock geological map of the United Kingdom has been extended into the third dimension with the release of UK3D and is shown as a network of cross sections through the earth's crust. Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/ukgeology/nationalGeologicalModel/GB3D.html

Register of Commission Expert Groups and Other Similar Entities

Description: For each expert group, the Register provides information including on the Commission department which is running the group, as well as on its members, its mission and tasks. The Register also includes relevant documents which are produced and discussed by the groups. (See also IN0302) Website: http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/

Carbon Footprint and Input-Output Analysis. An introduction

Description: This editorial is the introduction to a special issue of Economic Systems Research on the topic of carbon footprint and input–output analysis. It provides a brief historical context of the involvement of input–output analysis with applications in environmental research and makes the link to carbon footprint theory and practice.  Website: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09535310903541256

Transparency Register

Description: The transparency register has been set up to answer core questions such as what interests are being pursued, by whom and with what budgets. The system is operated jointly by the European Parliament and the European Commission. It includes: Expert groups (European Commission) (cf. IN0301) High-level groups (European Commission) Intergroups (European Parliament) Consultative committees Industry forums (European Parliament) Website: http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/homePage.do

Europroms User’s guide. Prodcom data

Description: PRODCOM data are detailed production data on an 8 digit level. Only information on this level can be found in the PRODCOM data. Europroms is the name given to published PRODCOM data. It differs from PRODCOM in that it combines Production data from PRODCOM with Import and Export data from the Foreign Trade database. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/120432/4433294/europroms-user-guide.pdf/e2a31644-e6a2-4357-8f78-5fa1d7a09556

Danske råstoffer [Danish raw materials]

Description: Danish content: The association 'Danish raw materials' is a branch organization for the Danish raw materials industry and provides an overview of suppliers of sand, stone and gravel, extracted on land and at sea. Publications in Danish are freely available. Website: http://www.danskeraastoffer.dk

MMTA - Minor Metals Trade Association

Description: Online presence of the Minor Metals Trade Association (MMTA), providing basic information on uses of minor metals, trade, and pertinent regulations Website: https://mmta.co.uk

Critical Raw Materials Innovation Network (CRM_Innonet) - Substitution of Critical Raw Materials

Description: Securing availability and access to critical raw materials constitutes a strategic objective for the EU political and economic agenda - Collection of reports Website: http://www.criticalrawmaterials.eu/

International Finance Corporation (IFC) sustainability portal

Description: The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group, and is the largest global development institution focused exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. This website contains details of the IFC’s activates including their sustainability work such as there sustainability framework, environmental and social performance standards, health and safety guidelines and corporate governance framework. IFC helps clients understand and manage the environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) risks they face. The IFC partners with industry and other stakeholders to find innovative solutions that open up opportunities for economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable private investment—which, in turn, contribute to jobs and inclusive growth. IFC’s ESG policies, guidelines, and tools are widely adopted as market standards and embedded in operational policies by corporations, investors, financial intermediaries, stock exchanges, regulators, and countries. This helps emerging markets raise their ESG standards and level the playing field. Website: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Sustainability-At-IFC

Steel Statistics

Description: Crude steel, direct reduced iron and blas furnace iron production statistics Website: https://www.worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics.html

EXIOPOL

Description: The EXIOPOL Integrated Project had 3 principal objectives: • To synthesize and develop comprehensive estimates of the external costs for Europe of a broad set of economic activities; • To set up a detailed environmentally extended (EE) Input-Output (I-O) framework, with links to other socio-economic models, in which as many of these estimates as possible are included. Such an EE I-O table for the EU 25 does not exist. This will allow for the estimation of environmental impacts and external costs of different economic sector activities, final consumption activities and resource consumption for countries in the EU; •To apply the results of the external cost estimates and EE I-O analysis for the analysis of policy questions of importance, as well as to evaluate the impact of past research on external costs on policy-making in the EU. Website: http://www.feem-project.net/exiopol/

Minerva Portal of the Major Accident Hazards Bureau

Description: The Minerva portal of the Major Accident Hazards Bureau at the European Commission's Joint Research Centre provides a collection of technical information and tools supporting the Industrial Accident policy (Risk Assessment). The portal provides two databases and a tool: The eSPIRS database (since 2001) gives an overview of the number, spatial distribution and type of major hazard sites. The eMARS (since 2008) database facilitates the exchange of information on accidents and near misses that have occurred in major hazard establishments in Europe and globally, with reference to •causes, •substances involved, •type of process involved, •type of equipment, and •what the accident teaches in regard to working safely with these substances, processes and equipment in future. ADAM is a tool designed to assess physical effects of an industrial accident in terms of thermal radiation, overpressure or toxic concentration resulting from an unintended release of a dangerous substance. For such a purpose, suitable models have been used and combined, to simulate the possible evolution of each accident: from the time of release to the final damage. The tool contains a database on physical chemical properties of substances. Website: https://minerva.jrc.ec.europa.eu/en/minerva

EURARE IKMS: An Integrated Knowledge Management System for Rare Earth Element Resources in Europe

Description: Cassard D., Tertre F., Bertrand G., Schjøth F., Tulstrup J., Heijboer T., Vuollo J., (2014). EURARE IKMS: An Integrated Knowledge Management System for Rare Earth Element Resources in Europe.

Euromines

Description: Euromines is the recognised representative of the European metals and minerals mining industry. The association's main objective is to promote the industry and to maintain its relations with European institutions at all levels. Euromines provides services to its members with regard to EU policy and serves as a network for cooperation and for the exchange of information throughout the sector within Europe. The association also fosters contacts with the mining community throughout the world. Euromines provides a formal platform in which the members evaluate the impact of European and International policies and legislation on the industry and define common positions and actions. Euromines website conatin a varity of information regarding mining in Europe, including maps of mineal deposits and information on minerals policy Website: http://www.euromines.org/

Mineral Profile - Platinum Group Elements

Description: Platinum (Pt) is one of a group of six chemical elements collectively referred to as the platinum-group elements (PGE). The other PGE are palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), rhodium (Rh) and ruthenium (Ru). This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1401

Environment Agency closed mining waste facilities

Description: Closed and abandoned mining waste facilities causing serious environmental impacts. The environment Agency record sites where closed and abandoned mining waste facilities cause serious harm to the environment or to human health in England and Wales. Under the Mining Waste Directive we are required to make this list of sites available to the public. The Environment Agency record those sites which cause serious harm to water quality and aquatic life. Our partners, including Defra, the Department for Communities and Local Government and Local Authorities, record those sites where there is potential for serious harm to human health or to property. The inventory will be used to prioritise sites where action needs to be taken to clean up or stabilise closed and abandoned mining waste facilities. A report has also been produced, as part of this dataset, which explains how mining waste sites were reviewed and how decisions were reached as to which were causing serious environmental impacts in order to produce this inventory. Website: http://apps.environment-agency.gov.uk/wiyby/139297.aspx

G4 Sustainability Reporting Guidelines (Implementation Manual) [2015]

Description: Manual for the preparation of sustainability reports by organisations regardless of size, sector and location. Website: https://www.globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/GRIG4-Part2-Implementation-Manual.pdf

Solving the E-Waste Problem (Step) White Paper. One Global Definition of E-Waste

Description: The intent of this paper is to provide a non-legal definition of the term and clarity about how the term should be used. Website: https://i.unu.edu/media/ias.unu.edu-en/news/3774/StEP_WP_One-Global-Definition-of-E-waste_20140603.pdf

Life Cycle Inventory database ELCD

Description: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. A quantitative LCA-study requires Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data on technical processes included in the system under study. Mostly such data are collected on a case-by-case basis with the help of the companies involved. In LCI databases data are often organized around a unit process. A unit process describes the produced goods (economic output), consumed goods (economic input) , emitted substances (environmental output) and consumed resources (environmental input). A produced economic output is economic input of the next process in the chain. In this way unit processes are linked to a cradle-to-grave process chain relevant for a specific product. The ELCD (European reference Life Cycle Database) comprises Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data from front-running EU-level business associations and other sources for key materials, energy carriers, transport, and waste management. The respective data sets are officially provided and approved by the named industry association. The database contains both unit process data as also Life Cycle Inventory Results, which present the environmental inputs and outputs of a process chain. Website: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ELCD3/processList.xhtml?stock=default

Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC on waste)

Description: The European Commission proposes policies and legislation that protect natural habitats, keep air and water clean, ensure proper waste disposal, improve knowledge about toxic chemicals, and help businesses move towards a sustainable economy. The revised Directive 2008/98/EC sets the basic concepts and definitions related to waste managament and lays down waste management principles such as the 'polluter pays principle' or the 'waste hierarchy'. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/framework_directive.htm

Substance dossier for the recovery of antimony from selected waste compared to primary production

Description: More and more resources are needed to meet the growing global demand for raw materials. The extraction and use of naturally occurring materials (such as sand, gravel or natural stones, but also copper, rare earth elements or gold) is associated with economic growth and prosperity but on the one hand, it also leads to major environmental damage and the progressive depletion of high-quality geological mineral deposits as well as an increase of anthropogenic (man-made) waste streams and land filling of materials. One of the major waste management objectives is the recovery of raw materials from urban stocks (infrastructures, buildings and equipment stock) and waste. This conserves resources and reduces the impact on the environment. Website: http://www.awel.zh.ch/dam/baudirektion/awel/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/abfall/dokumente/urban_mining_stoffdossiers/stoffdossiers_englisch/awel_antimony_a3_en.pdf.spooler.download.1422525275805.pdf/awel_antimony_a3_en.pdf

Geoindex

Description: BGS public data holdings for a very wide range of geodata. GeoIndex allows users to search for information about BGS data collections covering the UK and other areas world wide. Access is free, the interface is easy to use, and it has been developed to enable users to check coverage of different types of data and find out some background information about the data. More detailed information can be obtained by further enquiry through the website. The BGS maintains a vast store of data and information that has been gathered since the inception of its ancestor, the Geological Survey of Great Britain, in 1835. Various datasets are obtained under statutory requirements such as the Mining Industry Act 1926 and the Water Resources Act 1991.BGS data and information assets are progressively being made available in digital form. Website: http:/www.bgs.ac.uk/geoindex/

Sustainability reporting guidelines & Mining and Metals Sector Supplement [2010]

Description: Each member required to implement the Sustainable Development Framework, as well as setting up transparent and accountable reporting practices - Procedural document Website: https://www.icmm.com/document/815

PROMETIA project results and deliverables

Description: This is a series of reports (deliverablse) from the PROMETIA project, these focus on 5 refractory metals (W, Ta, Re, Mo and Nb). The reports map both primary and secondary resources in the EU, they also cover substitution, processing, recovery and the value chain for these metals. Website: http://prometia.eu/deliverables/

World Coal Association

Description: Fact sheets and maps showing top producing countries and locations with trade and demand analysis. Case studies on specific countries. Website: https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-coal-found

Australasian code for reporting exploration results, mineral resources and ore reserves (JORC)

Description: The Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (JORC Code) is a professional code of practice that sets minimum standards for Public Reporting of minerals Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. The JORC Code provides a mandatory system for the classification of minerals Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves according to the levels of confidence in geological knowledge and technical and economic considerations in Public Reports. Website: http://www.jorc.org/

Kimberley Process Statistics

Description: The Kimberley Process (KP) is a system that unites administrations, civil societies and industry in the aim of reducing the flow of conflict diamonds around the world. The Kimberley Process Public Statistics Area is a web page with annual aggregated statistical data relating to the production and trade in rough diamonds. Website: https://kimberleyprocessstatistics.org/public_statistics

Geological Map of Spain

Description: A on-line gis showing the geology of spain at 1:50 000 scale and 1:1000000 scale. The map is queryable and attribtuted with rock type and geological age. Both soild and drift geology is shown Website: http://info.igme.es/visorweb/

Mining facts mine closure webpages

Description: The Mining Facts website examines the issues and debates surrounding the activities of Canadian mining companies, both in Canada and abroad. It is intended to be a mining information resource for those communities, citizens, and the news media who have questions about the impact of mining activity. This site aims to present evidence-based mining facts and information in a way that permits balanced consideration of the impacts and opportunities that come from mining. It is written for a general audience, with links to more in-depth research provided for those seeking further mining information. These webpages deal specifically with the issues surrounding mine closure, the legal requirements (mainly in relation to Canada) and the potential uses of mine sites after closure. Website: http://www.miningfacts.org/environment/what-happens-to-mine-sites-after-a-mine-is-closed/

EUROSTAT Economy Wide Material Flow Accounts (env_ac_mfa)

Description: Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) provide an aggregate overview, in thousand tonnes per year, of the material flows into and out of an economy. EW-MFA cover solid, gaseous, and liquid materials, except for bulk flows of water and air. Like the system of national accounts, EW-MFA constitute a multi-purpose information system. The detailed material flows provide a rich empirical database for numerous analytical purposes. Further, EW-MFA are used to derive various material flow indicators. There are five datasets based on the EW-MFA data collection: •Material flow accounts (env_ac_mfa): this dataset provides detailed material input flows, in thousand tonnes per year, into (domestic extraction and physical imports) and out (physical exports) of an economy according to Regulation (EU) 691/2011. •Material flow accounts - domestic processed output (env_ac_mfadpo): this dataset provides detailed material flows, termed 'domestic processed output', from an economy to the environment in thousand tonnes per year. •Material flow accounts - balancing items (env_ac_mfabi): this dataset provides balancing items which are required to articulate a consistent material input-output balance of a national economy (in thousand tonnes per year). •Material flow accounts - main indicators (env_ac_mfain): this dataset provides highly aggregated EW-MFA and derived indicator. •Resource productivity (env_ac_rp): this dataset provides ratios of gross domestic product (GDP) over domestic material consumption (DMC) in various unit of measure (see also item 4 of metadata). The term 'resource productivity' designates an indicator that reflects the GDP generated per unit of resources used by the economy. This is typically a macro-economic concept that can be presented alongside labour or capital productivity. Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/env_ac_mfa_esms.htm Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/esa-supply-use-input-tables/overview

Die mineralischen Rohstoffe der Schweiz

Description: Von der Schweizerischen Geotechnischen Kommission wurde Ende 1997 ein über 500 Seiten starkes Buch zum Thema 'Mineralische Rohstoffe der Schweiz' herausgegeben. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Fachleute aus Hochschule und Industrie wie auch an eine breite, am Thema interessierte Leserschaft. Website:

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) - Review of national resource strategies and research

Description: Raw Materials Initiative proposes an integrated raw materials strategy for the EU. This review is in the form of tables and text. Looking at National stratagies of a selection of countires around the world. Website: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69526/pb13722-national-resource-strategies-review.pdf

Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain)

Description: The Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain) publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These include, but are not limited to: science and technology; economy; labour market; society; services; and population. Data related to mineral production and exploration are reported by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (Spain). Website: http://www.ine.es/en/welcome.shtml

Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) reporting code 2012

Description: Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. The JORC Code sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting in Australasia of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Public Reports prepared in accordance with the JORC Code are prepared for the purpose of informing investors and their advisors. They include, annual and quarterly company reports, press releases, technical papers of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves estimates. Website: http://www.jorc.org/docs/JORC_code_2012.pdf

National Air emission accounts by activity, EUROSTAT

Description: Air emissions accounts record emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the European Union (EU) showing the economic activities responsible for their production (in line with the ‘polluter pays’ principle), following the same classification that is used within national accounts, namely the statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (NACE). Air emissions accounts are thus an extension of emissions inventories, such as those used for official reporting under international obligations (for example, the Kyoto Protocol). Metadata description: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/env_ac_ainah_r2_esms.htm Website:

By-product status: implications for reserve estimates.

Description: Broadbent, C.P., Seltmann, R., Drielsma, J., Cox, M. (2015). By-product status: implications for reserve estimates.

Republic of Slovenia Statistical Office

Description: The Republic of Slovenia Statistical Office publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These include, but are not limited to: construction; education; energy; industry; prices; trade; and transport. Only limited data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production are reported by the Republic of Slovenia Statistical Office. Website: http://www.stat.si/statweb/en/home

South African Code for the reporting of exploration results, mineral resources and mineral reserves (The SAMREC Code)

Description: The SAMREC Code sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in South Africa. The Code takes into account issues of a global nature while addressing certain circumstances unique to South Africa. (Document includes SAMVAL Code also.) Website: http://www.samcode.co.za/downloads/SAMREC2009.pdf

WaterStat - Water footprints of the water footprint network

Description: The water footprint network has published the Global Water Footprint Assessment Standard which lays out the internationally accepted methodology for conducting a Water Footprint Assessment. Water footprints which are calculated using the the Global Water Footprint Assessment Standard are provided in WaterStat. WaterStat currently includes six datasets: 1.      Product water footprint statistics 2. Monthly blue water footprint (30×30 grid scale) 3.      National water footprint statistics 4.      International virtual water flow statistics 5.      Water scarcity statistics 6.      Water pollution level statistics Website: http://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/water-footprint-statistics/

Ecological Footprint Explorer

Description: The Ecological Footprint is the only metric that measures how much nature we have and how much nature we use. On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes. On the supply side, a city, state or nation’s biocapacity represents the productivity of its ecological assets. These areas, especially if left unharvested, can also absorb much of the waste we generate, especially our carbon emissions. Website: http://data.footprintnetwork.org/

Barytes Association

Description: A trade association that aims to: promote the interests of the worldwide barytes industry; encourage research and the wider use of barytes; inform and influence national and international decision makers and other stakeholders including the general public on the environmental benefits of barytes; enable liaison and the exchange of technical information between members and others; and provide a forum for its members. Website: http://www.barytes.org/

World Bank Commodity Price Data

Description: The Development Prospects Group increases understanding by providing analytical services to the World Bank and the wider development community. Pink sheets are produced monthly and provide monthly, quarterly and annual data on the latest world bank commodity prices for a list of different commodities. Website: http://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets

Central Statistics Office (Ireland)

Description: The Central Statistics Office (Ireland) publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These inlcude, but are not limited to: labour market; earning; education; population; health; prices; climate; environment; industry; and agriculture. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production do not appear to be reported by the Central Statistics Office (Ireland). Website: http://www.cso.ie/en/

What is geophysics?

Description:  This web page provides a Near Surface Geophysics Glossary, some fundamental definitions, and descriptions of many of the ways in which geophysics is used - ways in which specific methods or techniques are employed to address environmental and engineering problemsThe purpose of this page is to provide you with a brief introduction to the field of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Website: http://www.eegs.org/what-is-geophysics-

National emission accounts, WebDab - EMEP

Description: The EMEP activity data and emission database (WebDab) contains emission data officially submitted by the Parties to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) to the EMEP program via the UNECE secretariat. Emissions on Main Pollutants, Heavy Metals, Persistent Organic Pollutants and Particulate Matter are available as totals/sectors and as gridded emissions both for officially reported data and gap-filled emissions. The information on large point sources (LPS) is provided as well. WebDab is regularly updated and includes: 1.EMISSIONS AS REPORTED BY PARTIES [1980 to (N-2) year] 2.EMISSIONS USED IN EMEP MODELS [1980, 1985, 1990 to (N-2) year] 3.ACTIVITY DATA data reported by Parties [1980, 1985, 1990 to (N-2) year] Website: http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/webdab_emepdatabase/

Mineral Profile - Tungsten

Description: Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a very dense lustrous greyish-white to steel-grey metal with some unique properties which make it impossible to replace in certain specialised industrial applications. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1981

National Agency for Mineral Resources and Geology - Geological map of Moldova

Description: Geological map of Moldova in JPEG format, with stratigraphical map, cross section and litho stratigraphical section Website: http://agrm.gov.md/en/contact/harti

Planning Policies and Permitting Procedures to Ensure the Sustainable Supply of Aggregates in Europe

Description: The Report analyses Minerals Policies across Europe, and more specifically Aggregates Planning Policies in the Member States. The Report then reviews the associated Permitting Systems for extraction of aggregates in the Member States. Website: http://www.minpol.com/LeobenReview_final-final_060610.pdf

SWOT analysis of concepts, methods and models potentially supporting LCA

Description: This deliverable is a compilation of the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and strengths (SWOT) of different concepts, methods and models which could be relevant for a scientific framework for broadening and deepening LCA. This paper is meant to give an overview and description of the analysis executed in the framework of Workpackage 3 based on Deliverable 4 (The position paper on models and tools which may be related to LCA or might expand LCA) and relating to Deliverable 7 (A critical review of the current research needs and limitations related to ISO-LCA practices). It does not yet contain interpretations and conclusions - these will be presented in the final Deliverable 17 of Workpackage 3 (Options for broadening and deepening LCA). Deliverables 4 and 10 of Workpackage 3 will be merged and form the conceptual and empirical basis of Deliverable 17. Therefore, the overlaps between Deliverables 4 and 10 have been created intentionally. The description of consistent methodological elements which did not change during the execution of Workpackage 3, but which are needed for the understanding of both deliverables, is repeated with a few minor changes and, where appropriate, illustrations. Website: http://www.estis.net/sites/calcas-wp3/default.asp?site=calcas-wp3&page_id=4BFD270B-8417-48AF-93ED-0F92A14C618F

Why We Use Bad Color Maps and What You Can Do About It

Description: This is a peer reviewed article in Proceedings of Human Vision and Electronic Imaging. The article states that we know the rainbow color map is terrible, and it is emphatically reviled by the visualization community, yet its use continues to persist. Why do we continue to use this perceptual encoding with so many known flaws? Instead of focusing on why we should not use rainbow colors, this position statement explores the rational for why we do pick these colors despite their flaws. Often the decision is influenced by a lack of knowledge, but even experts that know better sometimes choose poorly. A larger issue is the expedience that we have inadvertently made the rainbow color map become. Knowing why the rainbow color map is used will help us move away from it. Education is good, but clearly not sufficient. We gain traction by making sensible color alternatives more convenient. It is not feasible to force a color map on users. Our goal is to supplant the rainbow color map as a common standard, and we will find that even those wedded to it will migrate away. Website: http://www.kennethmoreland.com/color-advice/BadColorMaps.pdf

INSPIRE Data Specification on Mineral Resources

Description: This document describes the “INSPIRE data specification on Mineral Resources – Technical Guidelines” version 3.0 rc3 as developed by the Thematic Working Group (TWG) Mineral Resources using both natural and a conceptual schema language. The data specification is based on a common template1 used for all data specifications, which has been harmonised using the experience from the development of the Annex I, II and III data specifications. This document provides guidelines for the implementation of the provisions laid down in the Implementing Rule for spatial data sets and services of the INSPIRE Directive. It also includes additional requirements and recommendations that, although not included in the Implementing Rule, are relevant to guarantee or to increase data interoperability. Two executive summaries provide a quick overview of the INSPIRE data specification process in general, and the content of the data specification on Mineral Resources in particular. We highly recommend that managers, decision makers, and all those new to the INSPIRE process and/or information modelling should read these executive summaries first. Website: http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/id/document/tg/mr

Mineral Resources Committee of the Instititution of Mining Engineers of Chile

Description: This code synthetizes the present practice of the mining industry in regard to standards and procedures applied to exploration prospects, mineral resources, and reserves with the purpose of reporting publicly on financial instruments based on these mine assets in the capital markets. These standards follow general criteria already adopted and applied by capital markets in those countries characterized by a very dynamic and well developed mining sector such as Australia, Canada, Southafrica, United Kingdom, and others. The work done by the Mineral Resources Committee of the IIMCh has had the recognition of the Combined Reserves International Reporting Standards Committee (CRIRSCO) that leads the establishement of an international code in these matters. CRIRSCO is an entity formed by representatives of the countries previously mentioned, a representative of the Society of Mining Engineers of the UStates and a representative of the IIMCh. Website: http://www.crirsco.com/chico_ingles.pdf

ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and guidelines

Description: ISO 14044:2006 specifies requirements and provides guidelines for life cycle assessment (LCA) including: definition of the goal and scope of the LCA, the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) phase, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase, the life cycle interpretation phase, reporting and critical review of the LCA, limitations of the LCA, relationship between the LCA phases, and conditions for use of value choices and optional elements. Website: https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html

Prospective analysis of the world lithium market: contribution to the evaluation of supply shortage

Description: Andriamasinoro, F. & Ahne, H. (2013). Prospective analysis of the world lithium market: contribution to the evaluation of supply shortage periods.

Impacts of European Union (EU) carbon emission trade directive on energy-intensive industries — Indicative micro-economic analyses

Description: Effects of direct cost associated to the CO2 reduction requirements stated in the EU Directive, and of indirect costs of higher electricity price. Website: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/P_Lund2/publication/222133073_Impacts_of_EU_carbon_emission_trade_directive_on_energy-intensive_industries__Indicative_micro-economic_analyses/links/53e9dc340cf2dc24b3cadff0.pdf

Hellenic Statistical Authority

Description: The Hellenic Statistical Authority publish numerous, regional and national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These data inlcude, but are not limited to: industry, trade, services and transport; agriculture, livestock and fisheries; environment and energy; population; and economy. Data relating to mineral resources, reserves and extraction are very limited and do not generally seem to be reported by the Hellenic Statistical Authority. Website: http://www.statistics.gr/en/home/

Dynamic Analysis of Global Copper Flows. Global Stocks, Postconsumer Material Flows, Recycling Indicators, and Uncertainty Evaluation

Description: We present a dynamic model of global copper stocks and flows which allows a detailed analysis of recycling efficiencies, copper stocks in use, and dissipated and landfilled copper. The model is based on historical mining and refined copper production data (1910–2010) enhanced by a unique data set of recent global semifinished goods production and copper end-use sectors provided by the copper industry. To enable the consistency of the simulated copper life cycle in terms of a closed mass balance, particularly the matching of recycled metal flows to reported historical annual production data, a method was developed to estimate the yearly global collection rates of end-of-life (postconsumer) scrap. Based on this method, we provide estimates of 8 different recycling indicators over time. The main indicator for the efficiency of global copper recycling from end-of-life (EoL) scrap—the EoL recycling rate—was estimated to be 45% on average, ± 5% (one standard deviation) due to uncertainty and variability over time in the period 2000–2010. As uncertainties of specific input data—mainly concerning assumptions on end-use lifetimes and their distribution—are high, a sensitivity analysis with regard to the effect of uncertainties in the input data on the calculated recycling indicators was performed. The sensitivity analysis included a stochastic (Monte Carlo) uncertainty evaluation with 10^ 5 simulation runs. Website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es400069b

Examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities – Part 1: A technical note on combining input-output and ecological footprint analysis

Description: There have been a number of attempts to develop a more comprehensive approach to the issue of measuring resource use and/or pollution generation embodied in trade flows, including contributions that combine input–output techniques and Ecological Footprint analysis. In this two-part paper the authors describe how to enumerate the resource and/or pollution content of inter-regional and inter-national trade flows. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800906005933

Romanian geological survey online data portal

Description: Geoportal Geological Institute of Romania - geological maps Website: http://81.196.111.132/testgeo2/

Rohstoffe für Zukunftstechnologien 2016

Description: This report describes a screening of emerging technologies and their associated raw material demand in 2013 and 2035 Website: https://www.bgr.bund.de/DERA/DE/Downloads/Studie_Zukunftstechnologien-2016.html

World Input-Output Database (WIOD)

Description: The World Input-Output Database (WIOD) 2013 Release consists of a series of databases and covers 27 EU countries and 13 other major countries in the world for the period from 1995 to 2011. The Input Output Tables section presents the 2013 Release of the World Input-Output Tables (World IO Tables) including 40 countries and a model for the rest of the world. Deflated WIOTs in Previous Years' Prices (World IO Tables PYP) are available, as well as national aggregations (National IO Tables) and regional aggregations (Regional IOTables) of the WIOTs. Additionally the underlying International Supply and Use Tables (International SUTs). National Supply and Use Tables (National SUTs), and Input files for National SUTs (Input for SUTs) are available in this section. The Socio Economic accounts section contains data on employment (number of workers and educational attainment), capital stocks, gross output and value added at current and constant prices at the industry level. The environmental accounts contain data on energy use, CO2 emissions and emissions to air at the industry level. Website: http://www.wiod.org/home

A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data

Description: This is a peer reviewed publication looking at methods of data interpretation relevant to geochemical datasets. in many fields using empirical areal data there arises a need for interpolating from irregularly-spaced data to produce a continuous surface. These irregularly spaced locations, hence referred to as 'data points,' may have diverse meanings: in meterology, weather observation stations; in geography, surveyed locations; in city and regional planning, centers of data-collection zones; in biology, observation locations. It is assumed that a unique number (such as rainfall in meteorology, or altitude in geography) is associated with each data point. In order to display these data in some type of contour map or perspective view, to compare them with data for the same region based on other data points, or to analyze them for extremes, gradients, or other purposes, it is extremely useful, if not essential, to define a continuous function fitting the given values exactly. Interpolated values over a fine grid may then be evaluated. In using such a function it is assumed that the original data are without error, or that compensation for error will be made after interpolation. In essence, an operational solution to the problem of two-dimensional interpolation from irregularly-spaced data points is desired. It is assumed that a finite number N of triplets (xi, Yi, gi) are given, where xi, Yi are the locational coordinates of the data point D;, and zi is the corresponding data value. Data point locations may not be coincident. An interpolation function z=f(x,y) to assign a value to any location P(x,y) in the plane is sought. This two-dimensional interpolation function is to be 'smooth' (continuous and once differentiable), to pass through the specified points, (i.e., f(xi,Yi)=Zi), and to meet the user's intuitive expectations about the phenomenon under investigation. Furthermore, the function should be suitable for computer application at reasonable cost Website: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.154.6880&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Mineral Resources Master Programmes in Europe

Description: Presentation of a non-exhaustive list of master programmes in the EU-28 aimed at training specialists in the area of mineral resources.

Substance dossier for gypsum recovery from waste compared to primary production

Description: More and more resources are needed to meet the growing global demand for raw materials. The extraction and use of naturally occurring materials (such as sand, gravel or natural stones, but also copper, rare earth elements or gold) is associated with economic growth and prosperity but on the one hand, it also leads to major environmental damage and the progressive depletion of high-quality geological mineral deposits as well as an increase of anthropogenic (man-made) waste streams and land filling of materials. One of the major waste management objectives is the recovery of raw materials from urban stocks (infrastructures, buildings and equipment stock) and waste. This conserves resources and reduces the impact on the environment. Website: http://www.awel.zh.ch/dam/baudirektion/awel/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/abfall/dokumente/urban_mining_stoffdossiers/stoffdossiers_englisch/awel_gypsum_a3_en.pdf.spooler.download.1422525351900.pdf/awel_gypsum_a3_en.pdf

Tellus - Northern Ireland

Description: The project, managed by the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland (GSNI), has produced new geochemical and geophysical maps that will extend and deepen our knowledge of the geology, soils, natural resources and environment of Northern Ireland. This information supports the exploration for, and development of, mineral and hydrocarbon resources, informs land-use planning and provides a country-wide environmental baseline. Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/tellus/overview/

Atlas of Switzerland

Description: The Atlas of Switzerland – online is based on an updated collection of already existing map topics from former editions, e.g. geology in category Nature and Environment. In parallel, the list of existing thematic topics will be completed by new categories, e.g., History and Future. As a main visualization principle, a map should be presentable in 2D and 3D, thus combining the advantages of orthogonal and perspective map view. 3D visualization techniques that fulfill this requirement are e.g. tubes, fences, billboards, extruded objects, floating objects and layer, or solid 3D objects. In every case, a 2D map will provide object information of the top surface or the tilted objects, whereas a 3D map may contain additional variable values on its z-axis (by means of height, color, texture). Website: https://www.atlasderschweiz.ch

Cobalt Development Institute (CDI)

Description: The CDI primarily publishes annual statistics about the trade and production of refined cobalt. It also publishes factsheets and a number of books about the uses of cobalt. Website: http://www.thecdi.com/

Policy Review on Decoupling: Development of indicators to assess decoupling of economic development and environmental pressure in the EU-25 and AC-3 countries

Description: This study has been conducted within the framework of the EU Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (Resource Strategy). The objective of the Resource Strategy is described in the 6th Environmental Action Programme as: 'ensuring that the consumption of resources and their associated impacts do not exceed the carrying capacity of the environment and breaking the linkages between economic growth and resource use'. This objective has different aspects. Not exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment refers to an absolute limit - however difficult to define - to the extraction and consumption of resources. It also clarifies the reason for the second objective, breaking the linkage between economic growth and resource use: reducing or avoiding environmental impacts. Breaking the linkage between economic growth and resource use, or decoupling, is a relative target. In all, the following characteristics apply to decoupling as understood in the 6th EAP: • decoupling is applied at the level of (supra)national economies • the aim is reducing environmental impacts at a continued economic growth • the target is the use of materials or resources • decoupling is relative, but the underlying idea is sensitive to absolute limits. The question that is the subject of this study is how to measure decoupling and how to monitor progress on the decoupling road. For monitoring, indicators or measurements are required that encompass the abovementioned characteristics: these indicators should be applicable at the (supra)national level, they should indicate a total level of environmental impacts, related to the use of materials or resources, and should enable creating time series in order to monitor progress. In earlier studies, the Domestic Material Consumption over GDP (DMC/€) has been put forward as such an indicator. DMC measures the material resources which are directly consumed within a national economy and are put forward as indicators, however indirect, for environmental pressure. The reasoning behind this is that in the end each kilogram of material entering an economy has to come out at some moment as waste or emissions. Website: http://www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/projects/dematerialisation/policy_review_on_decoupling.pdf

Material Data Network

Description: A search engine for professional materials information. Contains links to key information sources relating to the properties and characteristics of materials including alloys, coatings and compounds. Website: http://www.matdata.net/index.jsp

European Chemicals Agency - Information on Chemicals

Description: ‘Information on Chemicals’ from the ‘European Chemicals Agency’ is unique source of information on the chemicals manufactured and imported in Europe. It covers their hazardous properties, classification and labelling, and information on how to use them safely. As from 20 January 2016, information on up to 120000 chemicals is enriched and structured in three layers: infocard, brief profile and detailed source data. Website: https://echa.europa.eu/home

Stocks and Flows project

Description: This is the website of an academic group researching stocks and flows of metals. Modern society is made possible by the use of metals, and metals have historically been supplied from virgin stocks (ore bodies, mineral deposits, and the like). Other reservoirs exist, however, a principal one being materials or products in use, stored, or discarded over the years by corporations and individuals. These reservoirs might become very important in the next few decades of rapid population growth and resource and energy use. There are also concerns about the use of energy in the extraction and processing of metals, and realization that the loss of resources by dissipation or landfilling can sometimes be problematic from an environmental standpoint, and concerns over the short and long-term “criticality” of metals. In the STAF project, we are evaluating current and historical flows of specific technologically significant materials, determining the stocks available in different types of reservoirs and the flows among the reservoirs, developing scenarios of possible futures of metal use, and assessing metal supply and demand. As of fall 2011, the group has completed work on copper, zinc, chromium, lead, iron, nickel, silver, and stainless steel, comprising complete cycle characterizations for all countries using significant amounts of these materials (more than 50), nine world regions including Europe, North America, and Asia, and the planet as a whole. Targeted studies of a few states and cities have also been accomplished. Specialized studies on tin, cobalt, tungsten, and aluminium have been done as well. These comprehensive cycles, and their interpretation and implications, are published in the scholarly literature as they are completed Website: http://cie.research.yale.edu/project_main/stocks-and-flows-project-staf

Case study: Tantalum in the world economy. History, uses and demand

Description: The working paper describes the industrial importance of tantalum (associated with the conflict mineral coltan). Website: http://publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-207041.html

General and International Mineral Policy

Description: This book covers non-energy raw materials Website: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-211-89005-9

Cross-Impact Method - A publication of United Nations Development Program's African Futures Project in collaboration with the United Nations University's Millenium Project Feasibility Study - Phase II

Description: African Futures is a project of the UN development Program to assist African countries to conduct long term prospective studies at the national level. Cross-Impact studies focus on interactions between pairs of events. Yet in real world interactions involve more parties. Research is still needed in the way experts judge probability. Website: http://www1.ximb.ac.in/users/fac/dpdash/dpdash.nsf/23e5e39594c064ee852564ae004fa010/2a7a6240bcf05ebde5256906000a7322/$FILE/Cross-im.pdf

The European Cement Association (CEMBUREAU) - Cements for a low carbon Europe

Description: Focuses on the diverse solutions applied by the cement industry across Europe to reduce the carbon footprint through the production of low clinker cements while meeting the performance requirements of the European cement standard for common cements. Data in text and graph. Website: http://www.cembureau.be/sites/default/files/documents/Cement%20for%20low-carbon%20Europe%20through%20clinker%20substitution.pdf

Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis

Description: The concept of a carbon footprint captures the interest of businesses, consumers, and policy makers alike. This study confirms the conclusions of earlier studies on the importance of consumption categories for the overall household environmental impact. Indirect impacts in the supply chain are more important than direct impacts in the household. Although international climate agreements may still be based around the standard IPCC emission inventory methods, the design of mitigation policy must consider the underlying drivers for emissions. Ultimately, our daily consumption and production decisions drive global emissions. Website: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es803496a

Swiss geological survey on line data portal

Description: Geodata is digital information which can be related to a specific position on the earth’s surface. At geo.admin.ch you can find geodata covering all the most important areas of life: the environment, the population, the security, the economy and many other themes. Website: https://map.geo.admin.ch/?topic=swisstopo&lang=en&bgLayer=ch.swisstopo.pixelkarte-farbe&catalogNodes=1396,1411

Materials critical to the energy industry (An introduction)

Description: Securing future energy supply requires a critical awareness of the functionality, availability, substitutability and recyclability of the metallic resources. Uncontrolled ecological and adverse socio-economical impacts, as well as creeping dissipative losses, have to be minimized. It is therefore necessary to help decision makers understand the nature of the valuable materials and metals extracted from the earth’s crust and continuation of sustainable supplies. Metals can be both used and reused. Therefore, identify the most critical metals for feasible and efficient energy systems. Website: http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/sustainability/group-reports/ESC_Materials_handbook_BP_Apr2014.pdf

Carbon footprint labeling – how to have high data quality and to maximize utilization

Description: This is a paper from a conference called Joint Actions onf Climate Change, held in 2009. It intorduces the concept of carbon footprint and product labeling. It uses a hybrid approach for life cycle assessments on GHG emssions used in producing the actual carbon footprint labels. Website: https://gin.confex.com/gin/2009/webprogram/Paper2355.html

INSPIRE Geoportal

Description: The INSPIRE geoportal provides the means to search for spatial data sets and spatial data services, and subject to access restrictions, to view spatial data sets from the EU Member States within the framework of the INSPIRE Directive. A vast quantity of spatial datasets and held within the portal for a wide variety of different themes Website: http://inspire-geoportal.ec.europa.eu/discovery/

Factsheets about mineral raw materials

Description: Factsheets on elements and materials outlining key figures on price/ton for a specific year; yearly production; reserves; estimated resources; percentage of global recycling of total material in circulation; sypply security assessment (qualitative) Website: http://mima.geus.dk/fakta-om/

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Geological Institute Strashimir Dimitrov - Geology of Bulgaria

Description: Book with geology of Bulgaria, with text information, maps, cross sections. The volume treats different aspects (stratigraphy, sedimentology, igenous and metamorphic petrology, paleogeography, deodynamics) of the mezozoic geology of Bulgaria. Website: http://www.geology.bas.bg/docum/geologybg.pdf

CyStat (statistical service of Cyprus)

Description: CyStat (statistical service of Cyprus) annually publish industrial production statistics, which includes information about construction materials (e.g. cement) and industrial minerals (e.g. clays). CyStat also publishes national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude: economy and finance; population and social conditions; labour; external trade; agriculture; industry and construction; services; energy and environment; and science and technology. Website: http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/index_en/index_en?OpenDocument

NATIONAL INSTRUMENT 43-101

Description: National Instrument 43-101 (the 'NI 43-101' or the 'NI') is a national instrument for the Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects within Canada. The Instrument is a codified set of rules and guidelines for reporting and displaying information related to mineral properties owned by, or explored by, companies which report these results on stock exchanges within Canada. This includes foreign-owned mining entities who trade on stock exchanges overseen by the Canadian Securities Administrators, even if they only trade on Over The Counter (OTC) derivatives or other instrumented securities. Many publicly held Canadian mineral exploration and mining companies list on the TSX Venture Exchange (TSX-V) or the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX). Some of these companies may also have listings on stock exchanges outside Canada, such as Johannesburg Stock Exchange, Australian Securities Exchange and London Stock Exchange. Disclosures covered by the NI 43-101 code include press releases of mineral exploration reports, reporting of resources and reserves, presentations, oral comments, and websites. The NI 43-101 covers metalliferous, precious metals and solid energy commodities as well as bulk minerals, dimension stone, precious stones and mineral sands commodities. Website: http://web.cim.org/standards/documents/block484_doc111.pdf

E-waste statistics. Guidelines on classificaiton, reporting and indicators 2015

Description: Currently, countries lack a uniform measurement system for waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste or WEEE). However, there is already substantial data available for both developed and less-developed countries that relate to e-waste statistics. In order to improve comparability between countries, a sound measurement framework is proposed that integrates and validates available harmonized statistical data and other non-statistical data sources into e-waste statistics. This measurement framework is presented along with a classification of e-waste. Website: https://i.unu.edu/media/ias.unu.edu-en/news/5999/E-waste-Guidelines_Partnership_2015.pdf

Hibernating copper stocks in local power grids

Description: A peer reviewed paper in the Journal of cleaner production. Large technical systems serving the everyday needs of people, such as water supply systems, power grids or communication networks, are rich in accumulated metals. Over time, parts of these systems have been taken out of use without the system infrastructure being removed from its original location. Such metal stocks in hibernation thus constitute potential resource reservoirs accessible for recovery. In this paper, obsolete stocks of copper situated in the local power grids of two Swedish cities are quantified. Emphasis is also on economic conditions for extracting such “hibernating” cables. The results show that on a per customer basis, the two power grids contain similar amounts of copper, i.e. 0.04–0.05 tonnes per subscriber. However, the share of the copper stock that is in hibernation differs between the grids. In the larger grid of Gothenburg, almost 20% of the copper accumulated in the grid is no longer in use, while the obsolete share does not exceed 5% in the city of Linköping. For managers of local power grids, recovery of hibernating cables could be beneficial if integrated with other maintenance work on the grid. At the present price of copper, however, separate recovery of obsolete cables is not economically justified. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652611000412

Smart ground - EU project

Description: SMART GROUND aims at improving the availability and accessibility of data and information on SRM (Secondary Raw Materials) in the EU territory, while creating collaborations and synergies among the different stakeholders involved in the SRM value chain. In order to do so, the consortium will carry out a set of activities to integrate all the data from existing sources and new information retrieved with time progress, in a single EU database. Such database will also enable the exchange of contacts and information among the relevant stakeholders (e.g. companies), which are interested in providing or obtaining SRM. (SMART data collection and inteGRation platform to enchance availability and accessibility of data and infOmation in the EU territorty on secoNDary raw materials) Website: http://www.smart-ground.eu/

EU-UMKDP: European Union Urban Mine Knowledge Data Platform

Description: EU-UMKDP: European Union Urban Mine Knowledge Data Platform for WEEE (Waste Electric Electronic Equipment), ELV (End-of-Life Vehicles) and BATT (spent Batteries).

Institute for Geology and Seismology Moldova, Thematic maps for environment

Description: Website of Institute for Geology and Seismology Moldova, with diferent information about company and thematic maps published Website: http://www.iges.asm.md/node/121

Industrial Minerals Association Europe (IMA-Europe)

Description: The Industrial Minerals Assocation Europe (IMA-Europe) is an umbrella organisation that brings together a number of European associations specific to individual minerals, including: calcium carbonate, dolomite, andalusite, bentonite, borates, diatomite, feldspar, kaolin, lime, mica, plastic clays, sepiolite, silica, talc and vermiculite. Together the associations represent over 500 companies in 28 countries. IMA-Europe's website includes information about each of the listed minerals, their applications, related EU policy and industry committments. They do not collect statistical data. Website: http://www.ima-europe.eu/

Polish geological survey data viewer

Description: online GIS for the Polish Geological survey showing all their publically available data - including geophysics (magnetometry and gravimetry), geological mapping, borehole data and minerals data including locations of deposits and mines. Website: http://bazagis.pgi.gov.pl/website/cbdg_en/viewer.htm

Decoupling, natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth

Description: The objective of this study is to provide a solid foundation for the concept of decoupling, clearly defining key terms and concepts and indicating its many applications to resource management. It assesses whether decoupling is already taking place, and identifies the driving factors, both technological and economic. This report aims to also provide some indications of the kinds of policy measures and considerations that may be needed to stimulate decoupling. The word “Resources” usually refers to materials, water, energy and land. This report focuses on material resources, namely fossil fuels, minerals, metals and biomass. As such, it is not the intention of the International Resource Panel (IRP) to cover all resources in a single report, rather this report will be complemented by concurrent reports of the IRP on land and soil, water, metals and other topics. Website: http://www.gci.org.uk/Documents/Decoupling_Report_English.pdf

La minéralogie de l'uranium dans le massif des Aiguilles Rouges

Description: The Aiguilles Rouges Massif is located in the Helvetic realm, on the NW flank of the Alps. The pre-Mesozoic basement of this massif includes Late Carboniferous detritic series and hosts a number of U-mineralizations. Seven types of occurrences are reported. The most important type consists of U, Fe, Cu, Zn, Bi, S, Se and V bearing quartz-cemented hydrothermal breccias. These mineralizations are related to a Permo-Triassic (~240 Ma) hydrothermal event and, locally, to a Middle Triassic (~230 Ma) S-rich event related to a marine transgression, brine circulation and bacterial reduction of sulfate into sulfide in reopened old U-breccias. Near Lavey-les-Bains (Canton Vaud), shallow Early Triassic U- and V bearing calcite veins contain bacterial fossils that have been unequivocally identified by high diaminopimelic acid content and low δ13C values. The La Creusaz prospect (1973 –1981 and 2008) near Les Marecottes (Canton Valais) provides the best opportunity to study the uranium mineralogy in the area. During the Alpine orogeny, lower greenschist facies metamorphism and subsequent late Alpine hydrothermal Alteration (350 ° C / 2.5 kb) partially overprint older mineralogical associations. The large difference Δ34S = ~20 between the isotopic compositions of sulfur in primary sulfides and sulfur from potential source rocks (paragneiss and Vallorcine granite), yields an excellent record of sulfur inheritance and recycling phenomena. The association of uraninite with the rare Bi-Pb selenides laitakarite, weibullite and wittite, described for the first time, results from the Alpine remobilization of the Paleozoic mineralization. The most abundant supergene U6+ bearing mineral is uranophane- α. This mineral was dated with the 238U–234U–230Th disequilibrium method at 141 000 ± 3 000 years. This age corresponds to the beginning of the “Riss”/“Wurm” interglacial period (Eemian). At this time, the melting of the ice produced a rapid decompression that resulted in the fracturing of the bedrock and was followed by intense melt-water circulation. This oxygen-bearing water oxidized uraninite and produced uranophane-α and numerous and rare other U6+, Pb, As, P, V, Si and Se bearing supergene mineral species. The clay minerals illite and vermiculite were also formed during this stage as gouge filling in decompression fractures and faults oriented perpendicularly to the glacial valley axis. The oxidation of sulfide minerals by oxygen-bearing waters produces sulfate-rich acid waters that can leach and transport large quantities of heavy metals and actinides. Acid sulfate waters may also be present in and around radioactive waste deposits, in particular those located in sulfidebearing host rocks. At the La Creusaz deposit, outcropping veins and stockpiled high-grade U, Se, As and heavy metal ores have been exposed to acid mine drainage water and atmospheric oxygen in the abandoned galleries. The oxidation of the sulfides under the presence of strong bacterial activity resulted in the production of acid (pH = 3.1), sulfate-rich waters. These waters reacted with uraninite, and in the course of in situ natural evaporation a rich assemblage of secondary uranyl minerals formed, including the new triclinic species marecottite [Mg3(H2O)18] (UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2 · 10H2O. The solution of the crystal structure of marecottite allowed to resolve the contentious nature of the zippeite group of minerals, which are important phases controlling U mobility under acid drainage conditions. Plants growing on outcropping U veins were systematically studied for their potential use in bioremediation. Higher U, Cr, Cu and Tl concentrations were observed in rapidly growing species, such as the grasses Luzula nivea and Agrostis schraderiana. Due to the huge biomass production that these species achieve under alpine conditions during the short summer season and due to their capacity to act as U and heavy metal bioaccumulators, these plant appear to be well suited for use in the remediation of contaminated soils. Website: https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/products/publications/geology/contributionsgeo/BGSD

Statistics Estonia

Description: Statistics Estonia annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not limted to: economy, population, agriculture, forestry, foreign trade, finance, construction and tourism. Statistics Estonia also report mineral production statistics, but seemingly only to the year 2010. Website: https://www.stat.ee/en

European Cement Association

Description: A trade association that represents the cement industry at European level. The organisation communicates the industry's news on all technical, environmental, energy and downstream issues and policy developments. It also publishes facts and figures about the major global cement producers. Website: https://cembureau.eu/home

mineral detection and band ratioing

Description: a peer reviewed paper in the international journal of scientific and engineering research. Landsat 7ETM+ of Bwari local government area of Abuja federal Capital Territory located in the middle belt of Nigeria was used to detect and map locations of hydrothermal alterations. Image processing methods used includes image rectification, spatial and spectral enhancement, band ratio, false colour composition (FCC) and Crosta technique. Band ratios 3/1 and (4/5 – 4/3) suggested the presence of ferric iron minerals and hydroxyl minerals respectively. Clay mineralization was detected using band ratio 5/7. While false colour composite of bands 7:4:2 was employed to delineate potential locations of hydrothermal alterations. In both the band ratio and false colour composite there was interference from vegetation which affected the results. Subsequently, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Crosta technique were employed to supress the interference. Resultant grey tone images from PCA shows white pixels depicting iron-oxide and hydroxyl mineral deposits. To enhance the location of mineral deposits, false colour composite of the resultant images and a sum of the two images were displayed as RGB respectively. Hydrothermal alteration zones hosting the mineral deposits were identified. The identification of the hydrothermal alteration zones were correlated with the geological map and the ground-truth coordinates of already existing mines obtained from the study area. Website: https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Mineral-Detection-and-Mapping-Using-Band-Ratioing.pdf

MetalPrices.com - raw material pricing for metal products

Description: Market intelligence service for the international metals industry, provides businesses, government agencies and individuals with reliable and accurate raw material pricing for metal products. Main focus is price discovery for “open market’ or over-the-counter metal products – reporting the prices of metals that are not listed on the major exchanges, but essential to global trade. Website: https://www.metalprices.com/

Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables_Methodologies and Working papers

Description: This is an EUROSTAT manual designed to describe the methodologies and procesdures for the compilation of supply, use and input-output tables. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5902113/KS-RA-07-013-EN.PDF/b0b3d71e-3930-4442-94be-70b36cea9b39?version=1.0

Hungarian Central Statistical Office

Description: The Hungarian Central Statistical Office publish numerous, regional and national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These data inlcude, but are not limited to: industry; agriculture; energy; population; education; labour market; and prices. Data relating to mineral resources, reserves and extraction do not seem to be reported by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in any real detail. Website: https://www.ksh.hu/?lang=en

Anthropospheric losses of platinum group elements

Description: This forms a chapter in a book 'Element recovery and Sustainability, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The platinum group elements are among the rarest elements in the Earth’s crust yet each plays an important role in modern society. Despite their technological importance, little has been published on how much is lost during their extraction, processing, use and recycling. This chapter provides estimates of global losses of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir at each life cycle stage for the year 2010. The results indicate that losses are greatest at the first and last life cycle stages, namely at comminution and concentration and at the end‐of‐life. On a relative basis, losses as a percentage of primary demand across the metals range from approximately 25–40% on the supply‐side and from 30–45% on the manufacturing, use and disposal‐side. There are, however, notable differences across both life cycle stages and metals. End‐of‐life losses of Pd are notably higher than those of Pt, owing to its greater use in electronics for which little end‐of‐life recycling occurs. In contrast, the greater use of Pt is in closed‐loop industrial applications, jewellery and investment in which minimal losses occur. More effort is needed to reduce these losses, especially as greater quantities of these precious metals exit fromuse over the next decade. Website: http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/chapter/bk9781849736169-00185/978-1-84973-616-9#!divabstract

NGU - geodata for Norway

Description: webpage with links to all NGU's publically available data including: geophysics. Geological mapping. Geochemistry (these are prepared on the basis of a large number of chemical analyzes of rocks, soil, streams- or lake sediments, streams- or lake water, peat and plant roots). Groundwater (provides access to data on wells and springs for purposes such as water supply, energy, research, monitoring of groundwater quality, level and temperature, reports on groundwater investigations and groundwater potential). marine geology (including sediments (grain size and formation), sedimentation environments, bottom conditions, pollution, and landscape and landforms). Minerals, including areas allocated for mineral permits at state owned ground. The data contains information on exploration and production rights and an overview of deposits of metals (ore), industrial minerals, and natural stone in Norway. Enginering geology (National database for ground investigations (NADAG) shows borehole (points) where ground surveys are carried out. NADAG includes geotechnical data (boreholes) and has a view service for this). Radon Susceptaibility (The national radon susceptibility map shows areas in Norway that might be more prone to radon (or: have greater radon risk) than others. In areas marked with high susceptibility. Sediemnts (The application provides an overview of soils in Norway.) Website: https://www.ngu.no/en/topic/applications

World Governance Indicators

Description: Aggregated and individual governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories for six dimensions of governance including voice and accountability; political stability and absence of violence; government effectiveness; regulatory quality; rule of law; and control of corruption. The indicators combine the views of a large number of enterprises, citizens and expert survey respondents and are based on over 30 individual data sources. Website: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#home

Knowledge Centre for Minerals and Materials

Description: This is a link to the homepage of the Knowledge Centre for Minerals and Materials (MiMa) at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, where reports and information on minerals and raw materials, including on secondary material streams is made available, in form of analyses, reports and academic papers. Website: http://mima.geus.dk

Urban Mine Knowledge Data Platform (EU-UMKDP -ProSUM)

Description: The ProSUM project delivers the first Urban Mine Knowledge Data Platform, a centralised database of all available data and information on arisings, stocks, flows and treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment, end-of-life vehicles, batteries and mining wastes. The availability of primary and secondary raw materials data, easily accessible in one platform, provides the foundation for improving Europe’s position on raw material supply, with the ability to accommodate more wastes and resources in future. ProSum provides user friendly, seamless access to data and intelligence on mineral resources from extraction to end of life products with the ability to reference all spatial and non-spatial data. Website: http://prosum.brgm-rec.fr/

Basic Geological Mapping 5th edition

Description: Part of The Geological Field Guide Series, Basic Geological Mapping, 5th Edition is an essential basic guide to field techniques in mapping geology. Now completely revised and updated the book retains the concise clarity which has made it an indispensable instant reference in its previous editions. It provides the reader with all the necessary practical information and techniques that they will need while carrying out work in the field, covering a wide spectrum of different conditions, needs and types of countries. This edition covers new developments in technology including Google Earth and the use of GPS. This is an ideal field guide to geological mapping for 2nd/3rd year undergraduates of Geology, Hydrogeology and Geological Engineering. Website: http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP002723.html

World Nuclear Association

Description: An international association that represents the global nuclear industry with the stated mission to promote a wider understanding of nuclear energy among key international influencers by producing authoritative information, developing common industry positions and contributing to the energy debate. Website: http://www.world-nuclear.org/

G-Base paper

Description: This is a peer reviewed paper in Geochemistry: exploration, environment and analysis. The Geochemical Baseline Survey of the Environment is a long established high resolution regional geochemical mapping project run by the British Geological Survey. A project initially stimulated for mineral exploration and to assist geological mapping has successfully evolved into a survey that has many environmental applications. Much of the current demand for surface geochemical data is driven by legislation. The geochemical mapping, originally based on the collection of drainage samples, has expanded to include soils and a further suite of determinands in stream waters. The methodology of the project and application of the baseline data are described and issues common to worldwide geochemical mapping programmes are discussed. Website: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/884/

Systemic Analysis of Rare Earth Elements – flows and stocks

Description: This is the website of a project funded by the French government looking at flows and stocks of rare earth elements. Several eco-technologies of primary importance (windpower mills, low consumption lamps, electric motors …), use rare earth elements (REE ; for example neodymium, dysprosium or samarium in the permanent magnets of windpower mills or hybrid vehicles). These substances are referred to as “critical” in that they combine scarcity with economic impact intensity in the event of penury. Yet more than 97% of the world production of REEs is controlled by China, while this country has approximately 30% of estimated world reserves. Restrictions in terms of Chinese REE export quotas are a concern for governments and recent initiatives (for example the COMES in France or the European Raw Materials Initiative) aim at reducing this dependence. The objective of the ASTER project (Systemic Analysis of Rare Earth Elements – flows and stocks) is to provide a global vision of REE criticity, based on a dynamic analysis of the flows and stocks of these substances (SFA) in the anthroposphere and thus to contribute to improving the safety of supply of these substances that are essential for certain eco-technologies. A review of the literature relative to SFA shows that the lithosphere (the subsurface) is invariably considered as a source of flux but never as a stock. It is because it associates, among others, the French leader of REE applications and recycling (Rhodia) and the public body of reference in Earth Sciences (BRGM) that the ASTER project is able to offer a more holistic analysis of the question of REE criticity by combining both primary (extractable from the subsurface) and secondary (recycled) resources. One of the project’s primary deliverables is the delivery of so-called “Sankey” diagrams, that provide a visualization of substance flows and stocks in various compartments of the economy (primary production, imports, manufacturing, recycling, …). The thicknesses of the flux arrows being proportional to flux importance, these diagrams are particularly easy to read by non-technical decision-makers, a feature which guarantees a better dissemination of project results. These fluxes and stocks being typically affected by uncertainties related to the incomplete/imprecise nature of available information (such uncertainties are qualified as “epistemic” as opposed to “stochastic” uncertainties related to randomness), the tools offered by possibility theory, that are particularly tailored for representing expert knowledge, will be exploited. Website: http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/anr-funded-project/?solr=run&tx_lwmsuivibilan_pi2%5BCODE%5D=ANR-11-ECOT-0002

The Ames Laboratory, U.S. Departmetn of Energy; Critical Materials Institute (CMI)

Description: Created by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Energy Innovation Hub is operated under the name the Critical Materials Institute. CMI is led by the DOE’s Ames Laboratory, and managed by DOE’s Advanced Manufacturing Office. It brings together the expertise of DOE national laboratories, universities, and industry partners to eliminate materials criticality as an impediment to the commercialization of clean energy technologies. Website: https://cmi.ameslab.gov/materials/factsheet

Stakeholder Report: identification and analysis. Deliverable 2.1 of the Mineral Intelligence Capacity Analysis (MICA) project. Grant Agreement No. 689648 of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

Description: Deliverable D2.1 of the Minerals Capacity Intelligence Analysis (MICA) project documents the stakeholder landscape related to raw material intelligence. 90 stakeholder groups having stakes in raw material intelligence are identified by using eight different identification approaches, defined (incl. concrete relevant examples) and classified into 6 stakeholder types according to a stakeholder salience typology (Mitchell and colleages 1997). Website: http://mica.eurogeosurveys.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/D2.1_Stakeholder-Mapping-Report.pdf

Pan-European Reserves and Resources Reporting Committee - PERC reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves standard 2013

Description: The PERC Standard sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves in Europe. The intent of the Standard is to provide a minimum standard for Public Reporting, and to ensure that such reporting contains all information which investors and their professional advisers would reasonably require, and reasonably expect to find in the report, for the purpose of making of a reasoned and balanced judgement regarding the Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves being reported. Website: http://www.vmine.net/PERC/documents/PERC_REPORTING_STANDARD_2013_rev2.pdf

Dynamic analysis of the global metals flows and stocks in electricity generation technologies

Description: his paper analyzes the future development of electricity generation technologies and the metals required for their components, using a multi level dynamic material flow model. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652613004575

Geoinform Ukraine, Interactive map of mineral deposits

Description: Geoinform: mineral data stacking, recording & processing Website: http://geoinf.kiev.ua/wp/interaktyvna-karta-rodovyshch-korysnykh-kopalyn.htm

FAOSTAT - Food and agriculture data

Description: FAOSTAT provides free access to food and agriculture data for over 245 countries and territories and covers all FAO regional groupings from 1961 to the most recent year available. The database contains many different datasets relevant for the agricultural sector. Amongst others there are data on production of crops, animals and products made thereof. In foodbalances these production and trade statistics are combined. Also inputs for agricultural production, like fertilizers, pesticides, land and employment are reported. The database also contains environmental data like emissions from agricultural processes, water use and soil erosion etc. Website: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data

Environmnetal Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles

Description: In this report, an assessment is made of the literature on metals flows and cycles in nature and in society, the way they are connected, and the potential impacts related to them. Website: http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/50244/publications/UNEP_summarybooklet_3_web_130912.pdf

European Aluminium Association

Description: The European Aluminium Association is a trade body representing the European aluminium industry. Its members include alumina and primary aluminium producers; rolling, extrusion, casting and foundries; 'market groups' including building, packaging, automotive and transport; recycling and national associations. The organisation's website includes information about aluminium, case studies relating to innovation, policy areas, advocacy, and data. Website: https://www.european-aluminium.eu/

International Monetary Fund (IMF) economic data

Description: The International Monetary fund (IMF) publishes a range of time series data on IMF lending, exchange rates and other economic and financial indicators. Manuals, guides, and other material on statistical practices at the IMF, in member countries, and of the statistical community at large are also available. A very wide variety of data can be downloaded from the website including balance of payments, trade statistics, government finances, exchange rates, interest rates, key economic performance indicators etc... Website: http://www.imf.org/en/Data

Romanian Institute of Statistics

Description: TEMPO-Online provides the following functions and services: Free access to statistical information.Export of tables in .csv and .xls formats and its printing. What is the content of TEMPO-Online? The National Institute of Statistics offers a statistical database, TEMPO-Online, that gives the possibility to access a large range of information.The content of the above-mentioned database consists of:Approximately 1100 statistical indicators, divided in socio-economical fields and sub-fields; Metadata associated to the statistical indicators (definition, starting and ending year of the time series, the last period of data loading, statistical methodology, the last updating); Detailed indicators at statistical characteristics group and/or sub-group level ( ex. The total number of employees at the end of the year by employee category, activities of the national economy - sections, sexes, areas and counties); Time series starting with 1990 - till today: With a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual frequency; At national level, development region level, county and commune level. Search according to key words The search key words allows the finding of various objects (tables with statistical variables divided on time series). The search will give back results based on the matrix code and on the key words in the title or in the definition of a matrix. The result of the search will show on a list with specific objects. For a key word, one can use the searching section from the menu bar on the left.Tables As a whole, the tables that result following an interrogation have a flexible structure. For instance, the user may select the variables and attributes with the help of the interrogation interface, according to his needs.The user can save the table that results following an interrogation in .csv and .xls formats and its printingNote: in order to access tables at place level (very large), the user has to select each county with the respective places, so that the access be faster and avoid technical blocks. Website: http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/?lang=en

South African code for the reporting of Mineral Asset Valuations (The SAMVAL Code)

Description: The SAMVAL Code sets out minimum standards and guidelines for Public Reporting of Mineral Asset Valuation in South Africa. The Code takes into account issues of a global nature while addressing certain circumstances unique to South Africa. Website: http://www.samcode.co.za/downloads/SAMVAL2009.pdf

Eurostat - International Trade Database (COMEXT)

Description: COMEXT is the Eurostat reference database for external trade. It contains both recent and historical data from the European Union (EU) Member States and a significant number of third countries covering the value of exports and imports of products. Data are available: • by type of product (following the Statistical classification of products by activity (CPA) ), • by reporting Member State; • by source and by destination. COMEXT is updated on a daily basis. EU data on external trade are compiled according to EU guidelines and may therefore differ from national data published by Member States. Website: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database See 'International trade', 'International trade detailed data (detailed)'

Promine

Description: data portal showing mineral deposits and geological mapping for Europe as well as predictive maps of metal deposits and mineral province areas. This data also shows areas of anthropogenic concentration Website: http://ptrarc.gtk.fi/ProMine/default.aspx

Mines de sel de Bex - Données 1991 – 2004

Description: Le présent rapport fait suite aux trois publications de H. Badoux (1966, 1981, 1991) qui exposent les phases successives de l’exploration du domaine minier. On détaille tout d’abord la suite et la fin des sondages forés depuis la Salle du Radium, dont les résultats précisent et modifient partiellement l’interprétation de Badoux. La nouvelle Galerie de l’Espace est décrite, de même que les douze premiers sondages forés depuis la Salle de l’Espace, sondages qui explorent un secteur encore inconnu. Ils montrent que le Trias salifère se prolonge comme prévu vers le N, mais à une cote de plus en plus basse. Les réserves de sel prouvées sont ainsi notablement augmentées. D’un point de vue structural, les relations entre la Nappe de Bex et la Zone Submédiane sont passablement modifiées à la suite des nouveaux sondages et surtout de l’analyse proposée par Graf (1994) d’après la géologie de surface. Website: https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/products/publications/geology/contributionsgeo/BGSD

National Institute Of Bulgaria - Statistical data - Underground reserves - total for the country

Description: Statistical information on depletion of the ores, minerals and fossil fuels which represent a limited, non-renewable resource.In the context of the European economic environmental accounts it aims to collect primary data necessary to compile accounts on non-refundable underground assets of minerals and ores in natural and value terms.Reserves of natural resources are calculated and evaluated as the bowels, without taking into account losses during extraction and processing (enrichment). Website: http://www.nsi.bg/en/content/14683/underground-reserves

State Statistics Service of Ukraine

Description: Statistics for production of main products in Ukraine, manny in russian Website: https://ukrstat.org/en/operativ/menu/menu_e/prom.htm

Central Statistical Office of Poland

Description: The Central Statistical Office of Poland publishes numerous, national level statistical datsets on an annual basis. These data sets inlcude, but are not limited to: agriculture; forestry; energy; environment; education; science and technology; population; living conditions; health and industrial production. Website: http://stat.gov.pl/en/

SOS MinErals

Description: This is the website of a collection of projects funded by SOS minerals, focused on critical metals and minerals supply, demand, technology and geology. Security of Supply of Mineral Resources (SoS MinErals) is a multi-million pound research programme, backed by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, in partnership with industry and academia, and our global partner FAPESP. Global action to protect the environment and to mitigate and adapt to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is demanding significant changes in the way we generate and use energy. This initiative focuses on the science needed to sustain the security of supply of the strategic elements that underpin current and future green energy technologies — the so-called 'e-tech elements': cobalt (Co), tellurium (Te), selenium (Se), neodymium (Nd), indium (In), gallium (Ga) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE). The programme aims to enhance global security of supply of these e-tech elements in two ways; firstly through improved understanding of e-tech element recycling and concentration in natural systems, and secondly by using this information to develop improved recovery processes from primary sources in order to mitigate the environmental effects of extraction and recovery of e-tech elements. Website: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/sosminerals/home.html

Le problème des métaux et des terres rares

Description: Julienne D. (2012). Le problème des métaux et des terres rares. Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Paris, Séance du lundi 3 février 2012 (in French)

Problem Conceptualisation Using Idea Networks - Systemic Practice and Action Research

Description: Idea Networking is a sytemic qualitative method to analyse and cluster a collection of statements. The paper suggests the approach to conceptualise problems. Website: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11213-006-9056-y

The polluter-pays principle and environmental liability

Description: EU directive on the environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage. Website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l28120

Recommendations on the framework conditions for the extraction of non-energy raw materials in the European Union

Description: Recommendations on the framework conditions for the extraction of non-energy raw materials in the European Union Website: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=7608

UK Mineral planning factsheets

Description: Originally commissioned to support the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) research project Industrial Minerals: Issues for Planning, the factsheets cover economically important minerals that are extracted in Britain. They are regularly updated and provide an overview of the supply of a specific mineral. They are primarily intended to inform the land-use planning process but will be of much wider interest. Website: https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/planning/mineralPlanningFactsheets.html

Shanghai Metals Market - the leading metals information prorovider in China

Description: Shanghai Metals Market (SMM) are China's leading, independent, integrated suppliers of metals market intelligence, industry events, research and consulting, and e-commerce services. SMM publishes the 'SMM Price' -Shanghai spot prices for over 300 base metals, minor metals, precious metals, scrap metals, rare earth every day. Along with its intensive historical database since 1999, SMM also provides other services, such as industry publications, consulting services, industry events, trade matching services etc. Website: http://www.metal.com/database

Study supporting potential land targets under the 2015 land communication

Description: This study assesses the feasibility of setting up a suitable framework for measuring progress towards a more sustainable use of land as a resource. Website: http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/study-supporting-potential-land-targets-under-the-2014-land-communication-pbKH0414979/

Office for National Statistics (ONS)

Description: No abstract provided Website: https://www.ons.gov.uk/

Corporate income taxes mining royalties and other mining taxes, a summary of taxes and rules in selected countries

Description: Summary of income taxes, mining taxes and mining royalties should allow the reader to roughly compare the various governmental costs of investing in a mining operation in a particular country. Inc specific tax information by country. Data in text and tables. Website: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/energy-utilities-mining/publications/pdf/pwc-gx-miining-taxes-and-royalties.pdf

EIONET - European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production: Material Flows, Concepts and Methodology

Description: Most changes in the natural environment are brought about by human activities, and by the resulting flows of material. The cycle of this 'industrial metabolism' starts with the extraction of raw materials, then includes the use of material and energy for production and consumption, continues with recycling, to end up with final disposal. Continuously high levels of material use have environmental implications, as all this material must be extracted, transported, transformed and eventually disposed of, with environmental impacts at each stage. Website: http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/themes/mfa/1

European Foresight Platform - EFP Briefs

Description: The EFP European Foresight Platform consolidates information and knowledge base on foresight in the EU and internationally. Policy briefs summarize past foresight case studies in different areas. Website: http://www.foresight-platform.eu/briefs-resources/

Substance dossier for the recovery of copper from selected waste compared to primary production

Description: More and more resources are needed to meet the growing global demand for raw materials. The extraction and use of naturally occurring materials (such as sand, gravel or natural stones, but also copper, rare earth elements or gold) is associated with economic growth and prosperity but on the one hand, it also leads to major environmental damage and the progressive depletion of high-quality geological mineral deposits as well as an increase of anthropogenic (man-made) waste streams and land filling of materials. One of the major waste management objectives is the recovery of raw materials from urban stocks (infrastructures, buildings and equipment stock) and waste. This conserves resources and reduces the impact on the environment. Website: http://www.awel.zh.ch/dam/baudirektion/awel/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/abfall/dokumente/urban_mining_stoffdossiers/stoffdossiers_englisch/awel_copper_a3_en.pdf.spooler.download.1422525315097.pdf/awel_copper_a3_en.pdf

Legal basics of mineral policy in Europe

Description: An overview of 40 countries Website: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-211-89003-5

Statistics Lithuania

Description: Statistics Lithuania publish numerous, national level statistical datsets on an annual basis. These data sets inlcude, but are not limited to: agriculture and forestry; environment and energy; population and social statistics (e.g. education, culture and social welfare); business (e.g. industry and construction). Industrial production volumes are reproted inline with NACE 2 divisions. Website: http://osp.stat.gov.lt/en/web/guest/home

EXIOBASE - Environmentally Extended Supply and Use / Input Output database

Description: EXIOBASE is a global, detailed Multi-regional Environmentally Extended Supply and Use / Input Output (MR EE SUT/IOT) database. It was developed by harmonizing and detailing SUT for a large number of countries, estimating emissions and resource extractions by industry, linking the country EE SUT via trade to an MR EE SUT, and producing an MR EE IOT from this. The international input-output table that can be used for the analysis of the environmental impacts associated with the final consumption of product groups. Economic data are presented in million Euro in current prices. Environmental accounts are given in kg of emission or extraction. Website: http://www.exiobase.eu/

Groundwater Resources Maps of Euroupe

Description: groundwater resource maps of Europe at 1:500000 scale. This includes links to country based reports and and final project report there are 38 map sets with four different themes: 1. Inventory of aquifers; 2. Hydrogeology of aquifers; 3. Groundwater abstraction; 4. Potential additional groundwater resources. The maps, covering 9 countries - Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and United Kingdom, were compiled from existing data sources. Website: http://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/groundwater-resources-maps-europe-0

Market Data, Infomine

Description: Mining.com is a website that aims to provide fast, comprehensive and 'frictionless' news to industry and business. The 'Market data' section of the website provides price and other market related information for a small range of metals. Website: http://www.mining.com/market-data/

InfoMine, MapMine - mining maps and spatial data

Description: a largely commercial website with some public information large amounts of data on global mining statistics, mine locations and ownership, however payment is required to view. These pages link to a large range of different maps and spatial data, including maps of miens and geology for a range of geographic regions Website: http://www.infomine.com/maps/linkstree.aspx#cat1404

Delphi und Kognitionspsychologie: Ein Zugang zur theoretischen Fundierung der Delphi-Methode

Description: The Delphi method is a highly structured communication process performed by groups of experts. The method focuses on facts about which we have only uncertain or incomplete knowledge.  Website: http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/20888

Industrial Minerals Magazine

Description: A market leading resource for in-depth non-metallic minerals intelligence. It provides comprehensive global coverage of all relevant news affecting the supply, logistics and demand for industrial minerals. It also includes pricing information. Website: http://www.indmin.com/

Mineral Profile - Coal

Description: Coal is a combustible rock, composed of lithified plant remains. It consists of macerals, minerals and water This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1404

Geological Survey of Austria Web applications, including Geological maps online

Description: the Austrian geological survey's on line geodata. This includes web applications for 3D geology, Geological maps online, data for soil creeps landslides and rock falls, a metallogenetic map of Austria and a core repository database. Website: https://www.geologie.ac.at/en/services/web-applications/

VALMIN CODE - VALMIN, 2015. Australasian Code for Public Reporting of Technical Assessments and Valuations of Mineral Assets

Description: To provide a set of fundamental principles, minimum requirements and supporting recommendations to assist in the preparation of relevant Public Reports on Mineral Assets. The VALMIN Code is based on international good practice as currently employed in the Mineral industry, but allows for professional judgement in certain instances. Website: http://www.valmin.org/docs/VALMIN_Code_2015_final.pdf

International Energy Agency (IEA) - Energy statistics

Description: IEA - Energy Balances provide data on production, import, export and total final consumption of energy. Distiguished in energy source (oil, natural gas, coal, biomass/waste, other) and final consumer (industry, transport, other). The total database is available after paying a fee. But also online queries are possible per country and year. Website: http://www.iea.org/statistics/

Committee for mineral reserves international reporting standards, International Reporting Template (CRIRSCO)

Description: The IRT is a guideline that encapsulates the content of these standards for the benefit of the international mining industry and its various stakeholders. It will be continuously updated and improved as new national codes and guidelines are developed. The IRT will be of great value to any country wishing to develop its own CRIRSCO-type reporting standard. Website: http://www.crirsco.com/template.asp

Geophysical methods in exploration and mineral environmental investigations

Description: aa chapter in the USGS publication 'Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models. This chapter outlines the applicability of geophysical methods to geoenvironmental studies of ore deposits. This reviews a wide variety of geophysical techniques included airborne ground and borehole applications. Detail is given on Gravity, Magnetics, Gamma ray, seismic, electrical and induced polarization. Website: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0831/CHAP3.pdf

United States Geological Survey, Commodity Statistics

Description: Statistics and information on the worldwide supply of, demand for, and flow of minerals and materials essential to the U.S. economy, the national security, and protection of the environment. Production (Global, by country), US trade only, some resources/reserves Website: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/index.html

Detecting Mine Pollution Using Hyperspectral Data in Temperate, Vegetated European Environments

Description: THis is one case study from the MINEO project that ran from 2000-2003 and was funded by the EC. Mineral identification by laboratory and field spectroscopy has been extended to the realm of remote sensing using airborne hyperspectral systems like HyMap. The potential for mineral mapping from space has been demonstrated using such systems in arid environments. Website: http://www2.brgm.fr/mineo/Publications/ERIMINEO.pdf

Anthropogenic nickel cycle: Insights into use, trade, and recycling

Description: A peer reviewed paper in Environmental Science and Technology. The anthropogenic nickel cycle for the year 2000 was analyzed using a material flow analysis at multiple levels: 52 countries, territories, or country groups, eight regions, and the planet. Special attention was given to the trade in nickel-containing products at different stages of the cycle. A new circular diagram highlights process connections, the role and potential of recycling, and the relevance of trade at different life stages. The following results were achieved. (1) The nickel cycle is dominated by six countries or territories: USA, China and Hong Kong, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, and South Korea; only China also mines some of its nickel used. (2) Nickel is mostly used in alloyed form in stainless steels (68%). (3) More scrap is used for the production of stainless steels (42%) than for other first uses (11%). (4) Industrial machinery is the largest end use category for nickel (25%), followed by buildings and infrastructure (21%) and transportation (20%). (5) 57% of discarded nickel is recycled within the nickel and stainless steel industries, and 14% is lost to other metal markets where nickel is an unwanted constituent of carbon steel and copper alloy scrap. Website: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es072108l

International Monetary Fund (IMF) primary commodity prices

Description: This is a website that provides commodity prices and indices, The data are monthly and go back to 1980. The prices reported are in nominal U.S. dollars and are period averages. benchmark prices are reported which are representative of the global market, not for individual countries. They are determined by the largest exporter of a given commodity. Monthly data are updated on the Wednesday of the first full week of each month, and is posted on the website shortly afterwards. Website: http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.aspx

Institute for European Environmental Policy

Description: The Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) is an independent not for profit research organisation dedicated to advancing an environmentally sustainable Europe through the analysis and development of policy, and dissemination of research results. Website: http://www.ieep.eu/

Czech geological survey on line data portal

Description: The Czech Geological Survey's on line geodata including mineral, ground instabilites, radon and geolgical mapping data at 1:50000 and 1:25000 scales. Data is made avalable via a web mapping service. Website: http://www.geology.cz/extranet-eng/maps/online

OECD

Description: OECD iLibrary is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers and statistics and is the gateway to OECD’s analysis and data. It replaced SourceOECD in July 2010. OECD iLibrary also contains content published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the OECD Development Centre, PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), and the International Transport Forum (ITF). OECD iLibrary presents all content so users can find - and cite - tables and databases as easily as articles or chapters in any available format: PDF, WEB, XLS, DATA, ePUB, READ. The library contains a wide variety of data sources including: Agriculture and Food, Development, Economics, Education, Employment ,Energy ,Environment ,Finance and Investment ,Governance ,Industry and Services ,Nuclear Energy ,Science and Technology ,Social Issues/Migration/Health ,Taxation ,Trade , and Transport Website: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/

Knoema online database - World Bank Commodity Price data

Description: Knoema provides access to the World Bank Commodity Price data through an online database tool. World Bank Commodity Prices are available through Knoema on an annual/monthly basis. Data are updated continuously. Website: https://knoema.com/WBCPD2015Oct/world-bank-commodity-price-data-pink-sheet-monthly-update

Defining regional recycling indicators for metals

Description: Recycling indicators are useful for characterizing anthropogenic metal cycles. While there are suitable and generally accepted recycling indicators at the global level, they are not necessarily useful for regional cycles (where the region of interest can be a part of country, an entire country or a group of countries), which are open and interact with other regions such that cross-border flows need to be considered. Herein, we examine the applicability of available (global) recycling indicators to the regional level and, where appropriate, propose modified versions that are both conceptually compatible with the corresponding global indicators and readily accessible through data collected and estimates generated in regional material flow analysis work. Website: http://publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-435773.html

United States Geological Survey : Mineral resource data system

Description: MRDS describes metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources throughout the world. Included are deposit name, location, commodity, deposit description, geologic characteristics, production, reserves, resources, and references. It includes the original MRDS and MAS/MILS data. As of 2011, USGS has ceased systematic updates to MRDS, and is working to create a new database Website: http://mrdata.usgs.gov/mineral-resources/mrds-global.html

United Nations University 1st Global E-waste Monitor 2014

Description: This monitor aims to present the first comprehensive assessment of e-waste volumes, their corresponding impacts and management status on a global scale. Website: https://i.unu.edu/media/ias.unu.edu-en/news/7916/Global-E-waste-Monitor-2014-large.pdf

Mineral Profile - Cobalt

Description: Cobalt is a lustrous, greyish-silver, brittle metal. It is also very hard and can take a high polish. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1400

Land as a resource

Description: European Commission webpages on the environment, focussing on the use of land as a resource. It includes core information on how the European Union protects the environment. It covers numerous environmental policies, explains legal compliance with the Aarhus Convention and how the European Commission is promoting sustainable land use Website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/land_use/index_en.htm

Sustainable Development Goal indicators website / SDGs / Statistical Annex 2017

Description: A robust follow-up and review mechanism for the implementation of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will require a solid framework of indicators and statistical data to monitor progress, inform policy and ensure accountability of all stakeholders. SDGs: goals, targets, indicators; The following information is supplementary to the Report of the Secretary - General on Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (E/2017/66). It contains the Statistical Annex of global and regional data for the global indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets, adopted by the Statistical Commission at its forty-eighth session in March 2017 and by the United Nations Economic and Social Council in June 2017 . The indicators presented in the Annex are those for which data are available. Website: website: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/ goals, targets, indicators: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs. progress: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2017/secretary-general-sdg-report-2017--Statistical-Annex.pdf

One Geology

Description: geological map at various scales of the world. Data is supplied by national geological surveys and is standardized and combined in the onegeology portal for delivery Website: http://www.onegeology.org/

Equator principles - environmental & social risk management for projects

Description: The Equator Principles (EPs) is a risk management framework, adopted by financial institutions, for determining, assessing and managing environmental and social risk in projects and is primarily intended to provide a minimum standard for due diligence to support responsible risk decision-making. This website contains all the relevant documentation to describe the principles and associated methodology. Currently 90 Equator Principles Financial Institutions (EPFIs) in 37 countries have officially adopted the EPs, covering over 70 percent of international Project Finance debt in emerging markets. EPFIs commit to implementing the EP in their internal environmental and social policies, procedures and standards for financing projects and will not provide Project Finance or Project-Related Corporate Loans to projects where the client will not, or is unable to, comply with the EP. While the EP are not intended to be applied retroactively, EPFIs apply them to the expansion or upgrade of an existing project where changes in scale or scope may create significant environmental and social risks and impacts, or significantly change the nature or degree of an existing impact. The EPs have also helped spur the development of other responsible environmental and social management practices in the financial sector and banking industry (for example, Carbon Principles in the US, Climate Principles worldwide) and have provided a platform for engagement with a broad range of interested stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs), clients and industry bodies. Website: http://www.equator-principles.com/

Life Cycle Inventory database ECOINVENT

Description: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) facilitates the systematic quantitative assessment of products, both goods and services, in terms of environmental, human health, and resource consumption considerations. The full life cycle of a product is taken into account– this includes the supply of raw materials, processing, transport, retail, use, as well as end-of-life waste management. A quantitative LCA-study requires Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data on technical processes included in the system under study. Mostly such data are collected on a case-by-case basis with the help of the companies involved. In LCI databases process data are often organized around a unit process. A unit process describes the produced goods (economic output), consumed goods (economic input) , emitted substances (environmental output) and consumed resources (environmental input). A produced economic output is economic input of the next process in the chain. In this way unit processes are linked to a cradle-to-grave process chain relevant for a specific product. ECOINVENT is a commercial database that provides well documented unit process data for thousands of products. The database contains both unit process data as also Life Cycle Inventory Results, which present the environmental inputs and outputs of a process chain. Website: http://www.ecoinvent.org/

Technology Metals Research (TMR). What Are Technology Metals?

Description: Technology Metals Research (TMR). What Are Technology Metals?

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)

Description: Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. Booklet contains the total global environmental footprint – encompassing the carbon, water, land and material consumption footprint of various countries – has been compiled using one detailed, consistent and comprehensive global economic-environmental database. Website: http://www.creea.eu/download

StatBank Denmark

Description: StatBank Denmark annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not limted to: population; labour, income and wealth; business sectors; geography, environment and energy; education and knowledge; and living conditions (e.g. health, housing and welfare indicators). Industrial production volumes are reported using combined nomenclature (CN) codes. Website: http://www.dst.dk/en/

Råstoffer - Samfundets byggesten [Mineral raw materials - building blocks of the society]

Description: Teaching portal including a brief educational movie (about 20 minutes in length) on the use of raw materials in our societies, including with a demonstration of elemental use in a phone; background explanatory information material on different topics including chalk, batteries, electric conductivity; inspiration for teachers i.e. for student tasks. Website: http://mima.geus.dk/raastoffer-org/

Aluminium Statistics

Description: Aluminum production, refining and emissions statistics Website: www.world-aluminium.org/statistics

BGR Borehole map

Description: An on-line interactive map showing borehole data for Germany. Coverage is for selected regions only. The data shows locations depths and owners of boreholes but not geological information. The borehole location map contains the topographic backdrop map of different sources (depending on the scale factor) with symbols for borehole locations shown in scales better than 1:100000. The best details are shown on the basis of the 1:50000 scale map series (TK50). All backdrop maps originate from Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG). More detailed maps (e.g. TK25 or DGK5) are not available in this application. The connected database does contain master data sets for all boreholes. Further freely available details, e.g. strata or groundwater data, are provided via WFS technology and are displayed in the map client. Non-freely available data can be ordered by contacting the State Geological Surveys. Website: https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Geodatenmanagement/Bohrpunktkarte-Deutschland/bohrpunktkarte-deutschland_node_en.html

The contribution of recycling to the supply of metals and minerals

Description: This working paper describes qualitatively the potential and limits to the contribution of recycling to the supply of metals and minerals. (Previously available) Quantiative data are presented as illustration. Website: http://publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-207042.html

Minerals planning polices and supply practices in Europe

Description: The main objective of this study was to provide information on the different approaches to mineral planning policies and practices of the Member States. Website: https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/eip-raw-materials/en/system/files/ged/14%20leoben_2004_en.pdf

About regression-kriging: from equations to case studies

Description: Peer reviewd paper in the journal Computers and Geosciences. This paper discusses the characteristics of regression-kriging (RK), its strengths and limitations, and illustrates these with a simple example and three case studies. RK is a spatial interpolation technique that combines a regression of the dependent variable on auxiliary variables (such as land surface parameters, remote sensing imagery and thematic maps) with simple kriging of the regression residuals. It is mathematically equivalent to the interpolation method variously called “Universal Kriging” (UK) and “Kriging with External Drift” (KED), where auxiliary predictors are used directly to solve the kriging weights. The advantage of RK is the ability to extend the method to a broader range of regression techniques and to allow separate interpretation of the two interpolated components. Data processing and interpretation of results are illustrated with three case studies covering the national territory of Croatia. The case studies use land surface parameters derived from combined Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and contour-based digital elevation models and multitemporal-enhanced vegetation indices derived from the MODIS imagery as auxiliary predictors. These are used to improve mapping of two continuous variables (soil organic matter content and mean annual land surface temperature) and one binary variable (presence of yew). In the case of mapping temperature, a physical model is used to estimate values of temperature at unvisited locations and RK is then used to calibrate the model with ground observations. The discussion addresses pragmatic issues: implementation of RK in existing software packages, comparison of RK with alternative interpolation techniques, and practical limitations to using RK. The most serious constraint to wider use of RK is that the analyst must carry out various steps in different software environments, both statistical and GIS. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098300407001008

Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute

Description: The Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute annually publish national level statistics that cover a number of topics, these inlcude, but are not limted to: business (foreign trade, tourism, investments and innovation); enironment and energy; demographic and social (culture, education, health, housholds, labour, justice and population); agriculture and forestry; key indicators (employment, GDP, GNI, consumer prices and national accounts). It appears that the Republic of Bulgaria National Statistical Institute, does not directly report mineral production statistics. Website: http://www.nsi.bg/en

GTK, Finland, online maps

Description: GTK public data holdings for a very wide range of geodata. The map user interfaces here include a large amount of observation and measurement data and related interpretations. The services are also grouped by theme on the tabs of GTK's front page. The data includes: A new online map service merges superficial deposits and bedrock maps with precise elevation data hillshading. MDaE, a new online map service covering Finland. It contains mineral deposits and mines, outcrop observation and drilling sites, ore boulders, radiometric ages, mining registry, geological, geochemical and geophysical maps. A map service that calculates regional geochemical baselines in soil on the basis of concentration observations saved in a database. The occurence and characters of the acid sulfate soils in Finland’s coastal regions. The peat accounting map service offers information on the mire and peatland land use and peat resources surveyed by GTK. A viewing and downloading service of ground surveying data.1:200,000 bedrock map is based on the seamless bedrock map database (DigiKP). The original map database is composed of diverse scaled bedrock maps but it is generalised into the map scale of approximately 1:200,000. Website: http://en.gtk.fi/informationservices/map_services/index.html

Application of the Crosta technique for porphyry copper alteration mapping, using ETM+ data in the southern part of the Iranian volcanic sedimentary belt

Description: Many of the known porphyry copper deposits in Iran are situated in the Central Iranian volcanic Belt. The area under study is located in the southern part of this belt and covers an area of about 6600 km2. Given the poor soil development and poor vegetation cover but abundant outcrops, the arid/semi-arid part of the belt is most suitable for remote sensing study. Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) images have been used for alteration mapping. Crosta method was found useful for enhancing the areas in which the regolith contains a high proportion of hydroxyl and iron oxide minerals. The Crosta method has been used on selected 4 and 6 bands. Areas with iron oxide and hydroxyl minerals have been enhanced by using six bands of ETM+ data. Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367912003002232

Mineral Profile - Fluorspar

Description: Fluorspar is the commercial name for the mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride, CaF2), which, when pure, consists of 51.1 per cent calcium and 48.9 per cent fluorine. This report is one of a series of Commodity Profiles available to download Website: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/downloads/start.cfm?id=1405

I.Stat

Description: I.Stat publish annual, national level statistics for Italy. Data sets inlcude, but are not limited to: population and households; education and training; social security and welfare; agriculture; and environemt and energy; and industry and construction. Industrial production volumes (PRODCOM) are reported using NACE 2 codes. Website: http://dati.istat.it/

Establishing national natural capital accounts based on detailed Ecological Footprint and biological capacity assessments

Description: The protection of natural capital, including its ability to renew or regenerate itself, represents a core aspect of sustainability. Hence, reliable measures of the supply of, and human demand on, natural capital are indispensable for tracking progress, setting targets and driving policies for sustainability. This paper presents the latest iteration of such a measure: the Ecological Footprint.  Website: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837703000905

Environment Agency list of historic Landfills

Description: Under the Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) Order 1995 Local Planning Authorities have to consult with the Environment Agency about all applications they receive to develop land within 250 metres of landfill sites (including any land that has been used as a landfill site within the past 30 years or is likely to be used as one in the near future). The Historic Landfill dataset was created to help fulfil our statutory responsibility to Local Planning Authorities by supplying information on the risks posed by landfill sites for development within 250m. The data is the most comprehensive and consistent national historic landfill dataset and defines the location of, and provides specific attributes for, known historic (closed) landfill sites, i.e. sites where there is no PPC permit or waste management licence currently in force. This includes sites that existed before the waste licensing regime and sites that have been licensed in the past but where this licence has been revoked, ceased to exist or surrendered and a certificate of completion has been issued. Historic Landfill includes all relevant historic information for the sites that both local authorities and the Environment Agency have collected over the years. The data is available in ESRI shape file format, with the boundaries digitised from a base scale of 1:10,000 and an associated attribute table comprising 34 fields. The polygons and attributes describe where the sites were located, when they were used, who used them and what was deposited. This means there are name and address fields, licensee and operator information, licence issue and surrender dates, first and last input dates, and waste types, together with some historical comments Website: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/historic-landfill1

eurogeosource

Description: The EuroGeoSource system has attempted to provide content-specific and user-oriented GIS map services on the Internet, based on an inventory and analysis of geo-energy and mineral resource data sets existent in the project countries, together with the user needs regarding these data. Data has been harvested from a range of primary sources and available to view. The following elements characterize the EuroGeoSource portal: - Multilingual interface of the map viewer (English plus the languages of the project countries) - Possibility of displaying the data on various backgrounds, using the already implemented map services developed in previous eContent Plus Program projects (eEarth, eWater, Geomind, EuroGeoNames, OneGeologyEurope) - Harmonization of geo-energy and mineral resource data coming from various countries based on key economic and geological parameters - Multilingual legend of the data sets using geological dictionaries built especially for the project. The portal is based on open-source software and standards and includes also an ISO-compliant metadata catalogue. Thus, other organizations could use it for the registration and publication of their data sets, or for deploying it in their own web server applications. Website: http://maps.eurogeosource.eu/

Swedish geological survey on line data portal

Description: 'Our map viewer show some of the geological information SGU is able to offer. Using the viewers, you can for example see what areas we have mapped and what types of data we have collected, and get an overall picture of the country’s bedrock, Quaternary deposits and groundwater.' Website: http://apps.sgu.se/kartvisare/kartvisare-index-en.html

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - The raw materials initiative : meeting our critical needs for growth and jobs in Europe

Description: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council outlining the proposed Raw Materials Initiative (2008). It oulines the need for the Initiative and importance of raw materials to European growth. It identifies how the European Union can address the growing need for raw materials through three key pillars: 1. Access to raw materials on world markets at undistorted conditions; 2. Foster sustainable supply of raw materials from European sources; 3. Reduce the EU’s consumption of primary raw materials. Website: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52008DC0699

A Computer Movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region

Description: A peer reviewed paper published in Economic Geography, Vol 46. The paper describes the process of developing a holistic model for urban planning in Detroit. In one classification of models the simulation to be described would be considered a demographic model whose primary objectives are instructional. The model developed here may be used for forecasting, but was not constructed for this specific purpose, and it is a demographic model since it describes only population growth, with particular emphasis on the geographical distribution of this growth. Website: http://www.jstor.org/stable/143141

Minerals4EU-EU Minerals Knowledge Data Platform (EU-MKDP)

Description: The Minerals4EU project is designed to meet the recommendations of the Raw Materials Initiative and has developed an EU Mineral intelligence network structure delivering a web portal displaying spatial information on European mineral resources. The Minerals4EU project is built around an INSPIRE compatible infrastructure that enables EU geological surveys and other partners to share mineral information and knowledge, and stakeholders to find, view and acquire standardized and harmonized georesource and related data. The target of the Minerals4EU project is to integrate the best available mineral expertise and information based on the knowledge base of member geological surveys and other relevant stakeholders, in support of public policy-making, industry, society, communication and education purposes at European and international levels. The dataset contains information on mineral occurrences (split by commodity), information from other pan European minerals projects such as Promine and EMODnet as well as some geological mapping data at 1: 5000000 scale. Also shown are known mines, included closed, open and development. Website: http://minerals4eu.brgm-rec.fr/minerals4EU/

Boliden Mineral reserves and resources 2015

Description: Mining companies are required to compile a calculation of their mineral resources and mineral reserves every year. Boliden’s calculations and compilations are carried out in accordance with the recommendation of the Swedish industry organisation for mining and metal companies, SveMin, which are also in accordance with international regulations. Website: http://www.boliden.com/Operations/Exploration/Ore-Reserves-and-Mineral-Resources/

Causal Layered Analysis - Deepening the future

Description: This article  is from Sohail Inayatullah, Questioning  the  Future:  methods and tools for organizational and societal transformation. Tamsui, Tamkang  University Press, 2005/7. The author uses causal layered analysis to open up the present and past to create alternative futures. Website: http://www.metafuture.org/cla%20papers/Inayatullah%20Causal%20layered%20analysis%20-%20%20Deepening%20the%20Future.pdf

Study on data for a raw material system analysis

Description: This report presents material flow analyses performed for various substances on the EU critical RM list and with the EU-28 as the system boundary. Substances include Aggregates, Antimony, Beryllium, Borate, Chromium, Coking Coal, Fluorspar, Gallium, Germanium, Indium, Lithium, Magnesite, Natural Graphite, Niobium, PGMs, Phosphate Rock, Rare Earth Elements, Silicon, Tungten. Website: https://www.certifico.com/component/attachments/download/2886

ARIMA models and the Box Jenkins methodology

Description: A Chapter in the book Applied Econometrics. The purpose of this paper is to study the Box-Jenkins methodology to ARIMA models and determine the reasons why in empirical tests it is found that the post-sample forecasting accuracy of such models is worse than much simpler time series methods. It is concluded that the major problem is the way of making the series stationary in its mean (i.e., the method of differencing) that has been proposed by Box and Jenkins. If alternative approaches are utilized to remove and extrapolate the trend in the data, ARMA models outperform the corresponding methods involved in the great majority of cases. In addition it is shown that using ARMA models to seasonally adjusted data slightly improves post-sample accuracies while simplifying the use of ARMA models. It is also confirmed that transformations slightly improve post-sample forecasting accuracy, particularly for long forecasting horizons. Finally, it is demonstrated that AR(1) and AR(2), or their combination, produce as accurate postsample results as those found through the application of the Box-Jenkins methodology. Website: https://he.palgrave.com/page/detail/Applied-Econometrics/?K=9781137415479

Kieselkalke der Schweiz: Charakterisierung eines Rohstoffs aus geologischer, petrographischer, wirtschaftlicher und umweltrelevanter Sicht

Description: In Switzerland, predominantly three types of rock are used for the fabrication of hard rock products: siliceous limestone, Flysch sandstone and Molasse sandstone. Not all varieties of these rocks show hard rock characteristics. Potential hard rock deposits are concentrated on localities along the northern Alpine rim where 11 open cast mines are in service. Problems in choice of site for hard rock quarries often occur due to conflicts between industrial use and environmental protection. This study investigates siliceous limestones in Switzerland. Because of their geographical extension and industrial usability, these rocks have the highest potential for high quality hard rock products. Siliceous limestones are analysed petrographically, mechanically characterised and compared. Thereby, mineralogical-petrological as well as technical methods are applied. Depending on the paleogeographical origin and the time of deposition the Swiss siliceous limestones can be divided into four varieties which are important for their use. Out of these, two varieties are found along the Helvetic rim of the Alps and were deposited during Early Cretaceous. More precisely these are the siliceous limestones of the Helvetic Kieselkalk-Formation (Hauterivian) and those of the Helvetic Valanginian. Two other varieties formed during Early Jurassic and occur in the Moltrasio-Formation of the Southern Alps and in different Liassic nappes of the Prealpes medianes. Macroscopically, specific characteristics of the fine grained siliceous limestones can be observed. The distinction of the varieties by thin sections, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) is more difficult. In oriented thin sections, the siliceous limestones can be classified by their sedimentary texture according to DUNHAM (1962), independent of the variety. This method allows to distinguish three kinds of textures: mudstones, wackestones and packstones. Furthermore, factors influencing the behaviour of the rocks under mechanical stress are observed in thin sections. Among these, the quantification of potentially weak zones oriented parallel or oblique to the sedimentary layering and accompanied by secondary pyrite is the most significant factor. The investigation of the qualitative mineral assemblage by XRD reveals up to six phases. Besides calcite and quartz, ankerite, partly substituted by dolomite, as well as muscovite 2 M1, pyrite and regionally chlorite are observed. Quantification by the Rietveld-Method shows that calcite and quartz represent the largest amounts in all the varieties. Locally, however, these amounts can vary strongly which makes a regional forecast of the mineralogical composition of these rocks impossible. For the analyses by SEM, mineral amounts have to be considered. Etched samples of siliceous limestones containing < 30 wt% authigenic quartz show local, partial silification. With an increasing proportion of silica, quartz-rich areas are connected in a tight 3-dimensional mesh. In samples with more than 30 wt% authigenic quartz, unsilicified areas are seldom larger than 100 μm. Independent of the content of authigenic quartz, the silicified parts serve as framework and therefore they contribute to the resistance to mechanical stress. Moreover, the uniaxial compressive strength is influenced by authigenic quartz. Between silification and compressive strength, a linear correlation can be observed. Thus, siliceous limestones (up to 340 MPa) can achieve almost twice the rupture strength of pure limestone (160 MPa). Furthermore, the LCPC abrasion and refractivity test according to AFNOR P 18-579 also mirrors the silification grade. Compared to limestones, in siliceous limestones already a small amount of authigenic quartz leads to an increased refractivity. Compared to other hard rocks used in Switzerland, three of the four considered varieties of siliceous limestone show lower average refractivity coefficients. In this test, especially wackestones prove to be the most durable kind of siliceous limestone. The comparison between the refractivity test and the Los Angeles test for ballast according to EN 1097-2 reveals that these hard rocks can be viewed in a more sophisticated way. In conclusion, the refractivity test could serve as a single testing method for the classification of hard, medium hard and soft rocks. Website: https://shop.swisstopo.admin.ch/de/products/publications/geology/contributionsgeo/BGSD

Arc SDM - Spatial Data Modeller for ArcGIS and Spatial Analyst

Description: Spatial Data Modeller, SDM, is a collection of tools for use with GIS software for adding categorical maps with interval, ordinal, or ratio scale maps to produce a predictive map of where something of interest is likely to occur. The tools include the data-driven methods of Weights of Evidence, Logistic Regression, and two supervised and one unsupervised neural network methods, and categorical tools for a knowledge-driven method Fuzzy Logic. All of the tools have help files that include references to publications discussing the applications of the methods implemented in the tool. Several of the tools create output rasters, tables, or files that require the user to enter a name. Default values are provided in most cases to serve as suggestions of the style of naming that has been found useful. These names, following ArcGIS conventions, can be changed to meet the user’s needs. To make all of the features of SDM work properly it is required that several Environment parameters are set. See the discussion of Environment Settings below for the details. The Weights of Evidence, WofE, and Logistic Regression, LR, tools addresses area as the count of unit cells. It is assumed in the WofE and LR tools that the data has spatial units of meters. If your data has other spatial units, these WofE and LR tools may not work properly. Website: http://www.ige.unicamp.br/sdm/

International Raw Materials Observatory (INTRAW)

Description: The EU-funded INTRAW project has been set up to map and develop new cooperation opportunities related to raw materials between the EU and other technologically advanced countries, such as Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States, addressing: 1.Research and innovation. 2.Raw materials polices and strategies. 3.Joint educational and skills programmes. 4.Data reporting systems. 5.Licensing and permitting procedures, royalties and tax polices. 6.Exploration, extraction, processing and recycling practices. 7.Management and substitution of critical raw materials. Website: http://intraw.eu/

exploration methods explained: drilling

Description: This is a brief factsheet authored by an Australian based mineral exploration company that gives details of drilling operations for mineral exploration. it has information on auger drilling, air drilling, reverse circulation drilling, diamond drilling and rotary mud drilling as well as some brief information on regulations and environmental impacts. Website: http://www.anchorresources.com/NSWMC_Fact_Sheet_Drilling.pdf

Copper Alliance (Website)

Description: Online presence of the International Copper Association (ICA) presenting facts and figures on copper, promotional material, and showcasing relevant research results sponsored by ICA. Website: http://copperalliance.org

Infoterre (BRGM data portal)

Description: BGRM public data holdings for a very wide range of geodata. It provides as such a free access to many data repositories and information including: geological maps of 1/1 000 000 000 1/50, the records the Bank's basement with their geological logs and digital documents, public reports BRGM, many other data in the thematic natural and industrial hazards, groundwater, mineral resources and post-mining, marine geology, etc... and a set of cross-data highlighting those mentioned above (orthophotos, plans, topographic, road, cadastral). In total, over one hundred different data sets are available, represented in parts by mapping more than 200 geographic information layers. Website: http://infoterre.brgm.fr/viewer/MainTileForward.do

STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)

Description: STATEC (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg) publishes numerous national level statistical datasets on an annual basis. These inlcude, but are not limited to: labour market; education and training; population; health; national accounts; climate; environment; industry; and agriculture. Data relating to mineral reserves, resources and production do not appear to be reported by STATEC. Website: http://www.statistiques.public.lu/en/index.html

GTK Finland Mineral deposits and exploration map

Description: an online map service showing mineral deposits mines and exploration data for Finland. This has data for mineral deposits and mines and mineral exploration with base data of elevation, geophysics and nature conservation areas. geophysics consists of grounds surveys, aeromagnetic, Bouguer gravity anomalies and aero geophysical surveys. exploration data consist of any 3D modelling, permissive areas any activity for drilling and mapping as well as s studies for geochemistry and radiometric dating. Website: http://gtkdata.gtk.fi/mdae/index.html

materialflows data portal

Description: www.materialflows.net is an online portal for material flow data, providing access to data on the national level. The website is based on the worldwide unique comprehensive database on global resource extraction - WU Global Material Flows Database, set up and administrated by the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU). It covers more than 200 countries, the time period of 1980 to 2013, and more than 300 different materials aggregated into 12 categories of material flows. With regard to material extraction data, the database currently comprises 311 types of materials, which can be aggregated into five material groups; Fossil fuels, Metal Ores, Industrial Minerals, Construction Minerals and Biomass. For each country, each year and each material the database contains the: primary data (in the original unit as reported by the data source; e.g. tons, kilograms, cubic meters, carat, etc.), factors converting primary data into gross values (i.e. used extraction; e.g. gross ore), factors converting primary data into 1000 tons of used extraction, factors converting primary biomass values in additional biomass quantities used as straw or feed, used extraction (in 1000 tonnes), factors to calculate unused domestic extraction by multiplying used extraction values (in tonnes per tonne), unused extraction (in 1000 tonnes), and total extraction (in 1000 tonnes), summing up used and unused extraction and finally erosion factors and eroded material (in 1000 tonnes). Website: http://www.materialflows.net/materialflowsnet/home/

Geophysics for the mineral exploration geoscientist

Description: This book contains an overview of geophysical methods takes readers from the basic physical phenomena, through the acquisition and processing of data, to the creation of geological models of the subsurface and data interpretation to find hidden mineral deposits, attempting to provide a balance between principles and practice. Detailed descriptions of all the commonly used geophysical methods are given, including gravity, magnetic, radiometric, electrical, electromagnetic and seismic methods. Each technique is described in a consistent way and without complex mathematics. Emphasising extraction of maximum geological information from geophysical data, the book also explains petrophysics, data modelling and common interpretation pitfalls. Packed with full-colour figures, also available online, the text is supported by selected examples from around the world, including all the major deposit types. Designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in minerals geoscience, this is also a valuable reference for professionals in the mining industry wishing to make greater use of geophysical methods. Website: http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/solid-earth-geophysics/geophysics-mineral-exploration-geoscientist?format=HB&isbn=9780521809511

Theoretical exploration campaign description

Description: A description of the main phases a mineral exploration campaign covers.

Tutorial to find a new deposit

Description: How to proceed to identify a new mineral deposit. The main steps.

How to estimate the endowment of a certain commodity in Europe

Description: A way to estimate the endowment of a commodity X, taking into account the deposit type and predictive approaches, both spatial and quantitative.

Which raw materials are critical for the EU?

Description: A review of the criteria that make some mineral raw materials critical

Major metals vs companion metals

Description: Why the production of companion metals or by-products is linked to the production of major metals.

Exploration cost for a commodity X

Description: How much is being invested in exploration for commodity/metal x?

Flowsheet for 'What is the recycling level of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in the EU28, in terms of absolute streams (quantity)'

Description: The information flow of methods and data necessary to answer the question 'What is the material recycling level of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equip-ment (WEEE) in the EU28, in terms of absolute streams (quantity)'.

How to estimate the future availability of a specific metal?

Description: This flowSheet gives the main elements to take into consideration for estimating the future availibility of a certain commodity or metal, from supply risk, criticality, substitution, the different types of ore deposits and the main metals contained and by-products, the data to use for both spatial and quantitative predictive techniques...

Trying to predict which minerals will become critical in 30 years and then, where to find them?

Description: This flowSheets gives some elements to take into consideration for building an answer: what is criticality, the role of substitution, some recent scenarios (up to 2035), the possible role of recycling, and then the geology of ore deposits, the metals and by-products contained and how to predict new resources...

Main primary and waste sources of In, PGMs, Ga and Ge: some key documents, data and links to get an idea

Description: Insights about the main primary and waste sources of In, PGMs, Ga and Ge

How to forecast the production of a given commodity in Europe at a given time?

Description: This flowSheet presents first a ‘Raw Materials Foresight Guide’ and has been designed to provide general information on forecasting methods, then some insights on supply-production/demand-consumption, the (free) data that can be used, two international not free platforms which report on mining activities, and two ‘geological’ methods allowing to predict new mineral resources.

Estimated size of different mineral resources over the past 50 years and their location

Description: This flowSheet reminds what reserves, resources and endowment mean, how they are calculated, and mentions several projects/portals (free or fee-payable) allowing the end user to estimate the (cumulated) size of different raw materials resources throughout the World and where they are located geographically and geologically…

Designation areas and prospecting and mining

Description: After reviewing some key topics like ‘Permitting and licensing at EU level’ and ‘Mineral deposits of public importance’, this flowSheet gives the adresses of several sites dedicated to (sustainable) land use, protected areas, Natura 2000, Ramsar wetlands, protection of wild birds… and of resources for combining these data with data related to mining in Europe, thus allowing getting an idea on how designation areas (e.g., national parks…) may restrict exploration/extraction of raw materials in Europe.

Importance of the in-use stocks of different CRMs in Europe

Description: After briefly recalling what are Critical Raw Materials (CRM) and which commodities are critical for the EU, this flowSheet shows that in-use stocks are still difficult to estimate for a majority of commodities. Some websites of interest dealing (among other) with the topic of in-use CRM stocks are described. Data is becoming available from some recent portals like the H2020 ProSUM portal for the urban mine (WEEE, ELV and spent batteries) at http://prosum.brgm-rec.fr/ and http://www.urbanmineplatform.eu/homepage, with a special attention to CRM, and also from the H2020 SCRREEN projet dedicated to CRM at: http://scrreen.brgm-rec.fr/.

More mines in Europe?

Description: After giving some contextual elements related to the European policy (e.g., the Raw Materials Initiative, the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) on Raw Materials), this flowSheet presents some studies (i) related to the supply of raw materials and the associated risk, and (ii) on the raw materials which are critical for the EU. Knowledge Data Platforms providing data and information are then presented, including the EC DG JRC’s RMIS and the EU-MKDP and its Minerals4EU Yearbook.

How much waste is generated by mining?

Description: After recalling the legal framework with the EC Directive on the management of waste from the extractive industry, and giving the example of Sweden, this flowSheet presents documents related to mineral/ore deposits whose characteristics (e.g., type, close geology, shape, dip, depth…) will largely determine the type of mining operation (open pit, underground mining…) and thus the quantity of waste generated which is also strongly linked to the commodity(ies) exploited, the grade(s) and the type of mineral processing... Two portals providing data on ore deposits and their wastes are cited. They are, at this stage, the only ones.

What are the possibilities of substitution for a given commodity and from where will we get the substitution material?

Description: After briefly recalling what criticality is, which raw materials have been identified as critical for the EU presently and what could be the evolution up to 2035 , this flowSheet brings information from different sources - among which the Critical Raw Materials Innovation Network (CRM_InnoNet) - on what substitution is, and the strategies to implement. Then, different data platforms able to answer the question ‘where to find the substitution material?’ in the EU, or in the World, are presented. Finally, two methodologies related to the prediction of new resources (respectively spatial and quantitative) are explained.

Evolution of the Raw Materials-based industry in the near future and its supply

Description: After giving an overview of the European Mineral Resources industry, this flowSheet provides some foresight sudies related to CRM (up to 2035) and future economic development of the European Union (up to 2050) and also examines the question from the social point of view which should not be underestimated, with the concepts of Social Licence to Operate (SLO) and the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and their taking into account in the EO-MINERS project. Then, different data platforms able to answer the part of the question related to the supply from the EU, or from other parts of the World, are presented. Finally, two methodologies related to the prediction of new resources (respectively spatial and quantitative) are explained.

Future demand and supply of raw materials: what evolution?

Description: After introducing the notion of supply risk, this flowSheet presents projects and foresight studies dealing with several aspects of the Raw Materials domain, e.g., EU RM potential, legislative and governmental challenges regarding accessiblity of RM deposits, secondary RM incl. mining wastes, RM markets development... Then, different data platforms able to answer the part of the question related to the supply from the EU, or from other parts of the World, are presented. Finally, two methodologies related to the prediction of new resources (respectively spatial and quantitative) are explained.

Environmental impacts linked to the use of raw materials

Description: After briefly recalling what are the differences between LCA, LCI, LCIA and LCC, the flowSheet goes more in depth in LCA (principles, framework, requirements and guidelines, and a synthesis on LCA by MICA), then several aspects of LCIA, including LCI databases, are reviewed and an ‘operational’ exemple of use is given (Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis by Nuss & Eckelman, 2014). Finally, the link to the Life Cycle Data Network - European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment is provided.

Timeframe and cost for bringing a commodity to a user

Description: This flowSheet focuses on the Mining Value Chain, from permitting, exploration, mine development and mineral processing, to mine closure. Metallurgy, which strongly depends on the mineral characteristics and the physical properties of the product received (e.g., a concentrate…), and transportation are not taken into consideration here.

Substitution and its possible environmental impact

Description: This flowSheet is an extension of another flowSheet entitled ‘What are the possibilities of substitution for a given commodity and from where will we get the substitution material?’. This flowSheet – largely based on JRC’s work - thus focuses on Life cycle assessment (LCA) that is increasingly adopted for the appraisal of products, as the methodology accounts for environmental impacts of resource use. Depletion, scarcity and criticality of raw materials are key issues under discussion both in the LCA community and in the wider resource debate. One main issue is if criticality should be part of the impact category “resource depletion” and of an area of protection “natural resources”; how to use results of LCA for comparing CRMs or for identifying a potential substitute material; whether socio-economic implications should be part of the LCA; if current LCA indicators for resources provide governments and business with the most appropriate information for decision support.